- Khutor
Khutor or hutor ( _ru. ху́тор, "khutor"; _ua. ху́тiр, "khutir") is usually taken to refer to a single-homestead
rural settlement (farmstead ) ofEastern Europe . The word originated inUkraine , but later came to be applied to farmsteads inRussia andKazakhstan .Khutors were originally founded as a result of exploration of new lands by
Cossacks . In theCossack -settled regions of Ukraine, Don andKuban the word "khutor" was used to describe new settlements (notwithstanding the actual number of homesteads therein) which had detached themselves from biggervillage s orstanitsa s. These new settlements were alternatively known as "vyselki" (literally, "those who moved away from their village").In
Russia , whereserfdom and "obshchina " (peasants' community) were maintained well into the nineteenth century, the khutors were unheard-of until the rise ofcapitalism . Theemancipation of the serfs and the decay of theobshchina were accompanied by introduction of khutors as isolated farmsteads with household structures and a plot of land for individual use.During his attempt to resolve the agrarian crisis in Russia,
Peter Stolypin envisaged richpeasant s "privatising" their share of the community ("obshchina") lands, leaving theobshchina s, and settling in khutors on their now individually owned land. A less radical concept was that of an "otrub" (отруб): a section of formerly "obshchina" land, whose owner has left the "obshchina" but still continued to live in the village and to "commute" to his land. [ [http://www.bashedu.ru/encikl/oooo/otrub.htm ОТРУБ ] ] By 1910 the share of khutors and "otrubs" among all rural households in the European part of Russia was estimated at 10.5%. These were practically eliminated during thecollectivisation in the USSR .Individual estates and
dacha s inEstonia andIngria have been traditionally known as "myza" (мыза), from the Finnic word for "estate". In the late nineteenth century, similar estates in the Baltic provinces came to be Russified as khutors.References
* [http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pagesKHKhutirIT.htm Khutir] at the Encyclopedia of Ukraine
* [http://www.cultinfo.ru/fulltext/1/001/007/111/111286.htm Хутор, обособленное хозяйство] inBrockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary , in Russian.
* [http://encycl.yandex.ru/art.xml?art=bse/00087/59200.htm&encpage=bse&mrkp=http%3A//hghltd.yandex.com/yandbtm%3Furl%3Dhttp%253A//encycl.yandex.ru/texts/bse/00087/59200.htm%26text%3D%25D5%25F3%25F2%25EE%25F0%26reqtext%3D%25D5%25F3%25F2%25EE%25F0%253A%253A377951%26%26isu%3D2 Хутор] in theGreat Soviet Encyclopedia , in Russian.
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