Polikarpov I-180

infobox Aircraft
name = I-180
type = Fighter
manufacturer = Polikarpov



caption = I-180-3 prototype
designer = Nikolai Nikolaevich Polikarpov
first flight = 15 December 1938
introduction =
retired =
status = Cancelled
primary user = Soviet Air Forces
more users =
produced = 1938-1940
number built = 10 production + 3 prototypes
unit cost =
developed from = Polikarpov I-16
variants with their own articles =

The Polikarpov I-180 ( _ru. И-180) was a 1938 Soviet fighter aircraft prototype. It was the last attempt to extract performance from the basic Polikarpov I-16 design.Green 1973, p. 165.] The development cycle was plagued with problems [Abanshin and Gut 1994, p. 52.] [Gordon and Khazanov 1998, p. 111.] and the death of the Soviet hero pilot Valery Chkalov in one of the prototypes effectively ended Nikolai Nikolaevich Polikarpov's career as an aircraft designer.

Design and development

The I-180 represented a further development of the basic I-16 design in order to take advantage of the more powerful two-row radial engines. It was designed to meet a requirement of the Soviet Air Force of January 1938 for a new interceptor aircraft with a radial engine. It was preceded by a series of projected I-16 variants with a stronger M-88 two-row radial engine: I-161, I-162, I-163, I-164, I-165, I-166 and I-167. The I-180 was a single-engine, low wing monoplane fighter aircraft of mixed construction with a duraluminum frame covered in plywood and fabric. The pilot sat near the tailfin in an open cockpit with a windshield similar to I-16. Landing gear was retracted pneumatically with a retractable tail wheel. The main visual difference between I-180 and I-16 was a new wing with a perpendicular straight leading edge, and an aerodynamically refined fuselage with longer slim engine cowling. The new fighter was to be powered by an 820 kW (1,100 hp) M-88 engine, a development of the license-built Gnome-Rhône Mistral Major (known as M-85 in USSR), and represented the next step in evolution from the 1937 I-165-11 prototype. The proposed armament consisted of four 7.62 mm (.3 in) ShKAS machineguns and 200 kg (440 lb) of bombs. Dmitriy Tomashevich was assigned as the lead designer.

The ill-fated development of the I-180 started early on. The only version of M-88 available at the time used reduction gear requiring a very large propeller at least 3.2 m (10 ft 6 in) in diameter – massive for an aircraft that in layout and dimensions resembled an I-16 with an elongated nose. Even before leaving the drawing board, the fighter had to be redesigned for M-88R with reduction gear and a constant speed propeller. The projected top speed fell from 572 km/h (355 mph) to 557 km/h (345 mph). The first prototype however was eventually fitted with similar M-87 950 hp engine, because M-88R was not ready.Maslov 2003] The prototype was built at Number 156 factory in Moscow.

Testing and evaluation

The constant speed propeller VISh-23Ye was delayed and early test runs were done with a different propeller with manual pitch control (VISh-3Ye). As the result, the engine was prone to overheating and to deal with this the cowing flaps restricting airflow around the engine were removed. Despite these problems, and a fact, that the prototype had not finished all ground tests, the authorities were demanding a test flight as soon as possible, according to a plan. Polikarpov himself objected to flying the prototype before it would be ready around February 1939, but he could not stop it. The series of events which took place on 15 December 1938, is not entirely clear but tragic. Neither Polikarpov nor Tomashevich approved the first flight, and no one had signed the form releasing the prototype from the factory. The famous Soviet test pilot Valery Chkalov took off and made a low altitude circuit around the airfield. For the second circuit, Chkalov flew farther away, climbing to over 2,000 m (6,560 ft) even though the flight plan specifically forbade exceeding 600 m (1,970 ft). Chkalov apparently miscalculated his landing approach and came in short of the airfield but when he attempted to correct the engine stalled. The pilot was able to avoid several buildings but crashed into a powerline. Chkalov was ejected from the cockpit, sustained injuries and died two hours later.

The official government investigation concluded that the engine stalled because it became too cold in the absence of the cowl flaps. Others hypothesized that Chkalov rapidly advanced the throttle and flooded the engine. As the result of the crash, Tomashevich and several other officials, including Arms Industry Department director S. Belyakin, who urged the first flight, were immediately arrested. Years later, fellow test pilot M.M. Gromov blamed the designers for flawed engine cooling and Chkalov himself for deviating from the flight plan. Chkalov's son also claimed that a plan to assassinate his father had been in the works in the months preceding his death but the circumstances of the crash make foul play unlikely. Regardless, with Chkalov's death Polikarpov's reputation with Stalin suffered a blow from which he would never recover.

Nevertheless, work on I-180 continued. The second prototype I-180-2 with a bigger wingspan of 10.09 m (33 ft 1 in) and M-87A engine flew on 27 April 1939, and participated in the May Day parade a few days later. Later, the engine was changed to M-87B and the wing construction was strengthened. The prototype demonstrated a top speed of 540 km/h (335 mph) and was recommended for mass production with the M-88 engine. Then, on 5 September 1939, I-180-2 piloted by Tomas Suzi crashed during high altitude testing, killing the pilot. Again, the exact circumstances of the crash were unclear. According to eyewitnesses, the aircraft steeply dove (others claimed it fell in a spin) to 3,000 m (9,840 ft) where it leveled out, then entered a spin again leveling out once more at 300 m (985 ft). The pilot then abandoned the aircraft but did not use his parachute. No definite explanation was ever given but hypotheses include blinding of the pilot by oil from a leaking oil cooler, a heart attack, or loss of consciousness due to failure of oxygen equipment.

Preparations were carried out in 1940 to produce the first batch of 10 aircraft at Factory No.21 in Gorki, engaged in manufacturing the I-16. However, their production was extremely slow, without much attention of the aviation authorities, with the first 10 aircraft taking more than eight months. One of the reasons for this was that the local OKB lead by M.M. Pashinin was designing their own I-16 based fighter, the Pashinin I-21 and factory management had devoted all of their resources to the hometown favorite, with only six brand new engineers assigned to production of the I-180.Fact|date=May 2008 While this was being investigated, the third prototype I-180-3, powered by a more powerful M-88R engine and fitted with a stressed skin wing (replacing the I-16 type wing structure of the previous prototypes) was completed, flying on 10 February 1940.Gunston 1995, p. 307.] It was armed with two 12.7 mm Berezin BS and two 7.62 mm ShKAS machine guns on a common gunbed over the engine.

Finally in April 1940, three aircraft designated I-180S were completed, these being similar to the I-180-3, but reverting to an open cockpit and the I-16 type wing structure. Gunston 1995, p. 308.] Their test flights were favorable. The new fighter resembled I-16 in agility but was more stable. Top speed was 575 km/h (357 mph). Major criticisms included the open canopy and poor build quality. It was believed that fixing these defects would raise the top speed to 600 km/h (373 mph). However, the I-160-3 prototype crashed on 6 July 1940, when it entered an inverted spin due to pilot error. The pilot was able to safely bail out. In preparation for production, Polikarpov produced the definitive I-180-5 with several modifications and M-88A engine without reduction gear. The aircraft could also accept the new M-89 engine with 1,007 kW (1,350 hp) (up to 1,165 kW (1,560 hp) with fuel injection) which would raise its top speed to over 650 km/h (404 mph). There was also a proposal for I-180Sh with improved main landing gear.

Then, near the end of 1940, Polikarpov was suddenly informed that I-180 was being cancelled, and the factory no.21 would manufacture LaGG-3 fighters instead. The reason for this was a misconception of the Ministry of Aviation Industry, that radial engines in NACA cowlings were poorly suited for aircraft with top speeds of over 500 km/h (310 mph) due to high drag. Former government officials later admitted that the fascination with liquid cooled engines stemmed in part from attempts to imitate the then state-of-the-art Messerschmitt Bf 109. Stalin's dislike for Polikarpov after Chkalov's death likely also played a role.

According to some recent historians, like Mikhail Maslov, a cancellation of the I-180 was caused by personal and non content-related reasons and might be considered an error. [Guglya and Ivanov] Especially after Chkalov's death, the Soviet authorities started to promote young designers, as an opposition to Polikarpov, despite the I-180 was the best performing Soviet fighter at the time of its cancellation and it was faster than the Bf 109. One of information series I-180 developed a speed of 585 km/h, that could be improved after projected changes, like adding a closed canopy. The next best fighter, Yakovlev's I-26 (Yak-1 prototype), suffered from a troublesome and protracted development cycle, but Alexander Sergeyevich Yakovlev was one of Stalin's favorites which most likely saved his design. In addition, the I-180 could be available much earlier than Yak-1 and LaGG-3 types, and there was a possibility to produce it with a temporary M-87 engine, until the M-88 would be improved. Crashes of I-180 prototypes were mostly accidental, and should not be regarded as disqualifying the design. Moreover, the I-180 showed much less "teething problems" than its counterparts, especially Yak-1, confirming Polikarpov's competence in aircraft designing. Another advantage was, that a construction of the I-180 was similar to the I-16, which was familiar to the Soviet industry and pilots, but handling of the I-180 was even easier and it was more stable. The same situation repeated with the next Polikarpov's design, the advanced I-185, basing on the I-180 design.

Operators

;USSR
*Soviet Air Force

pecifications (I-180S)

aircraft specifications
plane or copter?= plane
jet or prop?= prop
ref="Fighting Polikarpov, Eagles of the East No. 2." [Abanshin and Gut 1994]
crew=one, pilot
capacity=
length main=7.0 m
length alt=23 ft 0 in
span main=10.09 m
span alt=33 ft 1 in
height main=2.45 m
height alt=8 ft 0 in
area main=16.11 m²
area alt=173.34 ft²
airfoil=
empty weight main=1,815 kg
empty weight alt=3,993 lb
loaded weight main=2,429 kg
loaded weight alt=5,344 lb
useful load main=
useful load alt=
max takeoff weight main=2,650 kg
max takeoff weight alt=5,830 lb
more general=
engine (prop)=M-88R
type of prop=radial engine
number of props=1
power main=820 kW
power alt=1,100 hp
power original=
max speed main=585 km/h
max speed alt=316 knots, 363 mph
max speed more=at altitude
cruise speed main=
cruise speed alt=
never exceed speed main=
never exceed speed alt=
stall speed main=
stall speed alt=
range main=900 km
range alt=486 nm, 560 mi
ceiling main=11,000 m
ceiling alt=36,080 ft
climb rate main=16.7 m/s
climb rate alt=3,280 ft/min
loading main=151 kg/m²
loading alt=31 lb/ft²
thrust/weight=
power/mass main=0.34 kW/kg
power/mass alt=0.21 hp/lb
more performance=
armament=
* 2 × 12.7 mm Berezin BS machine guns
* 2 × 7.62 mm ShKAS machine guns
* 200 kg (440 lb) of bombs
avionics=

ee also

aircontent
related=
*Polikarpov I-16
*Polikarpov I-185
*Polikarpov I-190
similar aircraft=
*Yak-1
*LaGG-3
*Bf 109E
*Macchi C.200
*Fiat G.50
*Bloch MB.152
lists=
* List of military aircraft of the Soviet Union and the CIS
* List of fighter aircraft
see also=

References

Notes

Bibliography

* Abanshin, Michael E. and Nina Gut. "Fighting Polikarpov, Eagles of the East No. 2". Lynnwood, WA: Aviation International, 1994. ISBN 1-884909-01-9.
* Gordon, Yefim and Dmitri Khazanov. "Soviet Combat Aircraft of the Second World War, Volume One: Single-Engined Fighters". Earl Shilton, Leicester, UK: Midland Publishing Ltd., 1998. ISBN 1-85780-083-4.
* Green, William. "Warplanes of the Second World War, Volume Three: Fighters". London: Macdonald & Co. (Publishers) Ltd., 1961 (seventh impression 1973). ISBN 0-356-01447-9.
* Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. "WW2 Aircraft Fact Files: Soviet Air Force Fighters, Part 2". London: Macdonald and Jane's Publishers Ltd., 1978. ISBN 0-354-01088-3.
* Guglya, Yu.A. and V.P. Ivanov (Гугля, Ю.А., Иванов, В.П.). "Rokovoi I-180" ("Роковой И-180") ("The Fatal I-180") ru icon. "Aerohobbi" nr.1/94, 1994.
* Gunston, Bill. "The Osprey Encyclopedia of Russian Aircraft 1975-1995". London: Osprey, 1995. ISBN 1-85532-405-9.
* Kopenhagen, W., ed. "Das große Flugzeug-Typenbuch" (in German). Stuttgart, Germany: Transpress, 1987. ISBN 3-344-00162-0.
* Léonard, Herbert. "Les avions de chasse Polikarpov" (in French). Rennes, France: Editions Ouest-France, 1981. ISBN 2-85882-322-7.
* Léonard, Herbert. "Les chasseurs Polikarpov" (in French). Clichy, France: Éditions Larivière, 2004. ISBN 2-914205-07-4.
* Maslov, Mikhail (Маслов, Михаил). "И-180 / И-185 (I-180/I-185)" ru icon. Moscow: Tekhnika-molodezhi; Vostochnyi gorizont, 2003.

External links

* [http://www.airwar.ru/enc/fww2/i180.html Photos and drawings] ru icon