Constantine Simonides

Constantine Simonides (1820–1867), palaeographer, dealer of icons, man with extensive learning, knowledge of manuscripts, miraculous calligraphy. He surpassed his contemporaries in literary ability. According to opinion of paleographers, he was the most versatile forger of the nineteenth century.^[1]

Life

He was born on the small Greek island of Symi, on the coast of the Aegean Sea in 1820 (or in 1824), and died in Egypt of leprosy.

Simonides lived in the monasteries on Mount Athos between 1839 and 1841 and again in 1852, during which time he acquired some of the biblical manuscripts that he later sold. He produced a lot of manuscripts ascribed to Hellenistic and early Byzantine periods. He forged a number of documents and manuscripts and claimed they were the originals of the Gospel of Mark, as well as original manuscripts of poems of Homer. He sold some of these forgeries to the King of Greece. Greek scholars exposed his forgeries quickly and he left Greece and traveled from country to country with his forgeries. He visited England between 1853 and 1855 and other European countries, and his literary activity was extraordinary.^[2] Some of his works were published in Moscow, Odessa, in England,^[3] and in Germany. He also wrote many other works which were never published.

From 1843 until 1856 all over Europe he offered for sale fraudulent manuscripts purporting to be of ancient origin. He created "a considerable sensation by producing quantities of Greek manuscripts professing to be of fabulous antiquity – such as a Homer in an almost prehistoric style of writing, a lost Egyptian historian, a copy of St. Matthew's Gospel on papyrus, written fifteen years after the Ascension (!), and other portions of the New Testament dating from the first century.”^[4]

In 1854 and 1855 Simonides tried unsuccessfully to sell some manuscripts for the British Museum and the Bodleian Library. Thomas Phillips was a less critical purchaser and bought for the Phillips Library at Cheltenham some manuscripts. In 1855 he visited Berlin and Leipzig. He informed Wilhelm Dindorf that he owned a palimpsest of Uranius.^[5]

On 13 September 1862, in an article of The Guardian, he claimed that he is the real author of the Codex Sinaiticus and that he wrote it in 1839. According to him it was ‘the one poor work of his youth’. According to Simonides, he visited Sinai in 1852 and saw the codex. Henry Bradshaw, a scholar, exposed the absurdity of his claims.^[6]

Simonides questioned many of official scientific positions accepted by scholars. He did not respect any scholars. He interpreted Egyptian hieroglyphics in different ways than Champolion and other Egyptologists. He tried to prove that his method of interpreting Egyptian hieroglyphics was superior.^[7] He placed the death of Irenaeus at 292 (c. 130 – c. 200). Also, in many other complicated questions he had his own, usually controversial, point of view, but after ascribing the authorship of the Codex Sinaiticus to himself, the rest of his credibility was destroyed.

Simonides produced manuscripts of Homer in an almost prehistoric style of writing, a copy of the Gospel of Matthew on papyrus, written fifteen years after the Ascension, and other portions of the New Testament dating by him to the first century. These productions were later exposed as forgeries.^[8]

The Artemidorus Papyrus

In 2006 a papyrus book-roll was exhibited at Turin which appeared to be part of Book II of the lost Geographical Descriptions of Artemidorus Ephesius. It was exhibited again in Berlin in 2008. It has been argued by Luciano Canfora that the manuscript is the work of Constantine Simonides.^[9] Richard Janko also believes that the roll is a forgery.^[10]

See also

Some of very few authentic manuscripts which were bought from Constantine Simonides

• Minuscule 110
• Minuscule 502
• Minuscule 503
• Minuscule 644
• Minuscule 2793

References

1. ^ Falconer Madan, Books in manuscript : a short introduction to their study and use. With a Chapter on Records, London 1898, p. 124.
2. ^ C. L. Fritzsche, Enthüllungen über den Simonides-dindorfschen Uranios (Leipzig 1856), p. 2 ff.
3. ^ He edited in London facsimile of the Gospel of Mark. Facsimile was illustrated by him, and has an inscription, stating that the documents shown within, “date to the time of Christ when he (sic) lived upon Earth among (sic) man or men…”
4. ^ Frederic G. Kenyon, Our Bible & the Ancient Manuscripts, 1939.
5. ^ Falconer Madan, Books in manuscript : a short introduction to their study and use. With a Chapter on Records, London 1898, p. 125.
6. ^ McKitterick, David (1998) A history of Cambridge University Press, Volume 2: Scholarship and Commerce (1698-1872), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 052130802X, page 369.
7. ^ Richard Janko, The Artemidorus Papyrus, Classical Review 59.2 (2009), p. 404.
8. ^ Kenyon, Frederick G. (1939). Our Bible and the Ancient Manuscripts (4th ed.). London: British Museum. p. 123. http://www.archive.org/stream/MN41613ucmf_0#page/n159/mode/2up. 
9. ^ Peter Parsons, Forging Ahead: Has Simonides Struck Again?, TLS 22 February 2008, p 14.
10. ^ Richard Janko, The Artemidorus Papyrus, Classical Review 59.2 (2009), pp. 403–410.

Bibliography

• "Miscellanies", The Journal of Sacred Literature, ed. Harris Cowper, Vol. II, Edinbourgh 1863, pp. 248–253.
• Falconer Madan, Books in manuscript : a short introduction to their study and use. With a Chapter on Records, London 1898, pp. 124-128.

External links

• Georgios Makris (in German). Constantine Simonides. Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). http://www.bautz.de/bbkl/s/simonides_k.shtml. 
• Beschreibung Simonides’ Tätigkeit für eine Ausstellung des Papyrusmuseums der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek
• William Osler, ‘‘Christianity’’, pp. 1888-1890.
• Forging ahead
• A Collection of Forgeries and Hoaxes
• Rassegna stampa sul portale Archaeogate
• Alexandros Lykourgos, Enthüllungen über den Simonides-Dindorfschen Uranios

Persondata
Name	Simonides, Constantine
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	1820
Place of birth
Date of death	1867
Place of death