- Kendenup, Western Australia
Infobox Australian Place
type = town
name = Kendenup
state = wa
caption = De Garis Avenue, Kendenup
loc-x = 68
loc-y = 310
lga = Shire of Plantagenet
postcode = 6323
est = 1840
stategov = Blackwood-Stirling
fedgov = O'Connor
dist1 = 22 | dir1 = N | location1 = Mount Barker
dist2 = 90 | dir2 = S | location2 = Katanningcoord|-34.486|117.629|type:city(300)_region:AU-WA_scale:50000|format=dms|display=titleKendenup is a small town in the Great Southern region of
Western Australia , within theShire of Plantagenet . It is convert|345|km south east of Perth and convert|22|km north of Mount Barker. The Great Southern Railway (established 1889) passes through the town, being one of the original stations on the line.The town was once the centre of a vast
sheep station , and was, in the early years of the Western Australian colony, one of the largest farming enterprises so far established.At the time of the first European discovery, the area was known to local Aboriginals as "Moor-ilup". "Kendenup" is another local indigenous word which was used to describe the area. [LandInfo WA|c|K|2008-07-21]
The upper reach of the
Kalgan River runs nearby.History
Early European settlement
The first European settlement of land in the Kendenup area were in April 1830, when a number of grants were made:
* DrAlexander Collie , convert|5000|acre|km2;
* John Lawrence Morley, convert|4000|acre|km2;
* Lieutenant William Preston, convert|2000|acre|km2;
* George Cheyne, convert|19000|acre|km2 at 'Location 27'
* and in June 1830, CaptainThomas Banister , convert|5903|acre|km2 [ [http://www.albanygateway.com.au/Town/Kendenup/Town_History/ "The History of Kendenup "] Albany Gateway]In 1838, Captain
John Hassell sailed from England en-route toVan Diemen's Land in the "Dawson", intending to settle on a convert|500|acre grant on theTamar River .cite web|url=http://register.heritage.wa.gov.au/PDF_Files/H%20Reg/Hassell%20Homestead%20%28P%29.PDF|title=Register of Heritage Places - Hassell Homestead|work=Heritage Council of WA|accessdate=2008-07-22] Running low on water, he stopped atKing George Sound in Albany where he met with the Government Resident, Sir Richard Spencer who persuaded him to consider acquiring land in the vicinity. Hassell ultimately purchased George Cheyne's Location 27 and after returning to Hobart and New South Wales, arrived back at Albany on6 March 1840 in the "China" which he had chartered for the purpose. His stock included 800sheep , 12cattle and 10horses fromNew South Wales which he walked overland to establish a homestead and farm which he called "Kendenup".cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/Western-Australia/Kendenup/2005/02/17/1108500208523.html|work=Sydney Morning Herald |title=Kendenup|date=September 13, 2007|accessdate=2008-07-21] Hassell, who was known widely as "Captain" Hassell, acquired further properties and by 1850 had expanded the operation to convert|25000|acre freehold and convert|38000|acre leased.Hassell's partner and brother-in-law was
Frederick Boucher who had established theBritish and Australian Bank inLondon in 1838. [cite web|url=http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A010551b.htm|title= Boucher, Charles (fl. 1823 - 1840)|work=Australian Dictionary of Biography|accessdate=2008-07-22] The bank failed in 1841 and as Boucher's assets were tied in with the collapse, Hassell found himself having to work closely with the bank's trustees as partners. LieutenantPeter Belches was appointed as the bank's trustees agent to realise on Boucher's assets.After establishing the farm, Hassell lived mainly in Albany using managers to run the day-to-day operations on the station. In Albany he ran an import/export business which included managing the farm's wool sales to England. He travelled to Kendenup regularly to oversee the business. The Kendenup wool won many awards.
In 1856 the family settled at Kendenup. Captain Hassell's two eldest sons, John Frederick T. Hassell, and Albert Young Hassell, took control of operations and later married and settled there with their own families. Several homesteads and buildings were built to accommodate the families, some of which still stand and are listed and protected for their heritage value.
In the early 1870s the station boasted 30,000 sheep.
J.F.T Hassell left the property to live in Albany in about 1871/72 followed by Albert who ran the farm until 1886. Captain Hassell died on
15 August 1883 , survived by his wife, five sons and a daughter. The property stagnated for the next 30 or so years, with J.F.T. Hassell attempting to sell it 1909. He died in 1919.Gold
On
20 July 1869 , theGovernment of Western Australia offered a payment of ₤5,000 in the "Government Gazette" for the discovery of payablegold . Hassell submitted stone samples from Kendenup in 1872 and was told that they were gold bearing. A five-ton consignment was sent to Victoria for crushing and returned four ounces of gold. Glover, R. "Plantagenet: Rich and Beautiful" UWA Press, Nedlands, for the Shire of Plantagenet, 1979. pp.119-124]Encouraged by the prospects, the Standard Gold Mining Company was registered on
15 December 1874 , with a capital of ₤3,000. A mine about convert|2|km south of the town with a nearby five-stamp battery were built. The operation became the first to start mining in the state. However, recoveries failed to live up to expectations and the battery crushed only ten tons of ore before being closed when the company went into voluntary liquidation on5 June 1876 .The mine and battery are still visible, although in poor condition.
1920 De Garis settlement
While in
Adelaide in July 1920, rural entrepreneurJack De Garis had heard that the Kendenup property was for sale by the Hassell family executors for £47,325, or £1 per acre. He offered £45,000 with a £1,000 deposit which was accepted, the offer being made prior to his inspection of the property.cite book|title=The Victories of Failure|author=C.J. De Garis|year=1925|publisher=Modern Printing Company, Melbourne] After having satisfied himself with an inspection De Garis proceeded with his plan of subdividing it into approximately 60 acre lots, selling the lots through the sale of debentures to settlers to the value of £150,000 using a closer settlement model. He also purchased Kendenup East, a convert|6200|acre property which included a homestead and a convert|50|acre orchard, for another ₤1,000.The "DeGaris Kendenup W.A. Development Company" was set up as the debenture issuer. [ [http://www.gabr.net.au/biogs/ABE1478b.htm "De Garis Kendenup (W.A.) Development Co. Ltd (1920 - )"] Guide to Australian Business Records] De Garis planned for subdivision of the estate with a townsite which would include an administrative and civic centre, public parks, recreation areas, factory areas, a school and church sites. A dehydrating factory under the name of Kendenup Fruit Packing Company was established to pack farm produce for the community at a cost of ₤4,000. ["Victories of Failure" p. 426]
He promoted the scheme around Australia, and from late 1920 settlers started to arrive and were granted farm blocks of between convert|10|acre and convert|60|acre on the purchase of ten-year interest-free debenture notes to grow fruit, vegetables and other farm produce. However, the project was under capitalised and lot sizes were considered to be too small to be fully viable and after a peak of about 350 families settling, debenture sales dried up.
In August 1922 De Garis travelled to the
United States to raise urgently needed capital. The following classified advertisement was published in the "New York Times " on 13 August 1922. [cite news
url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9401EED81039E133A25750C1A96E9C946395D6CF
work=New York Times |title=PROGRESS IN AUSTRALIA.; Growth of Kendenup an Example of What Can Be Done There.
author=Jack De Garis (classified advertisement)
date=13 August 1922
accessdate=2008-07-22]Quotation
PROGRESS IN AUSTRALIA.
Growth of Kendenup an Example of What Can Be Done There.
"When railway revenue jumps from $250 to $50,000 in twelve months it is enough make people to take an interest in the cause of such a phenomenal effect," said C. J. De Garis of Kendenup, Australia, in explaining the wonderful development of his section of Australia in which he is vastly interested. Mr. De Garis, who is at the Hotel Pennsylvania, holds the long distance record for aviation."We are most enthusiastic about our settlement of Kendenup, for those are the figures we can show for the last twelve months," said Mr De Garis. "For eighty-two years it was a sheep ranch, a tract of land comprising about fifty thousand acres, with a total population of seven people. That was sixteen months ago and the change today is unbelievable. It is now a model community of 200 houses, built of brick and concrete with tiled roofs, and the population has increased to 770 inhabitants.
"It is because Kendenup settlement has been such a success that I have come to America to interest the capitalists of your country in creating similar settlements throughout Australia. The financial success of the settlement is the best argument that I have and a shrewd captain of industry, will be quick to recognize it at once. Another strong point is the fact the 100 per cent. of the settlers made an unsolicited statement to the people of Australia that they were absolutely satisfied with their bargain.
"We who are interested in and responsible for this settlement have spared no pains to give the best that can be obtained. We have had the soil analyzed by experts; have ascertained what fruits and vegetables are best suited for that particular type of soil, and we have established a dehydrator for extracting moisture from the fruit which makes it imperishable.
"The system which we used in disposing of the land in our settlement of Kendenup was to cut it up into thirty-acre tracts. Seventy dollars is the average price paid an acre. The payments are extended equally over a period of ten years without interest. The climate of Australia is remarkably fine. We have not had a month without rain in forty years. The average rainfall each year is about thirty inches. Australia is a great country, and we want as many real Americans as we can get to come and settle there permanently."
$250,000 was promised but never materialised.cite web|url=http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A080289b.htm|title=De Garis, Clement John (Jack) (1884 - 1926)|work=Australian Dictionary of Biography|author=McCalman, J.]
By 1923, the scheme had effectively collapsed with the company going into
voluntary liquidation . About 30 families stayed on. In order to remain on their selections the Kendenup Settlers Association (Inc.) took up the fight. The government established aRoyal Commission 'to inquire into and report upon the establishment of the settlement at Kendenup', headed by CommissionerWilliam Grogan . Fraud by De Garis had been alleged prior to the Royal Commission but he was exonerated in the findings.cite web|url=http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A150233b.htm|title=McDonald, Sir Robert Ross (1888 - 1964)|work=Australian Dictionary of Biography|author=Bolton, G.C., Shorter, T] A second Royal Commission headed by barristerRoss McDonald was held to look into the difficulties faced by the settlers and possible assistance which could be offered. Changes to the Act which governed the Agricultural Bank of Western Australia were made as a result. McDonald later worked "pro bono " on the settlers' behalf to negotiate with creditors and the banks to enable them to purchase additional land and transfer the debentures to conventional mortgages.Despite the setbacks, the settlement had provided much of the infrastructure for the current Kendenup township.
Internment camp
During
World War II the town was the site of aninternment camp housing 200 Italian prisoners of war. [cite web|url=http://home.st.net.au/~dunn/pow/pow.htm|title=Prisoner of War and Internment Camps in Australia During WW2|work=www.ozatwar.com|date=2 February 2008|accessdate=2008-07-29] The camp operated from 4 November 1943 to 23 May 1946. Internees were assigned as labourers to farms in the area.Facilities
The town has the Kendenup Primary School (established 1921). [ [http://register.heritage.wa.gov.au/viewplace.html?offset=4&place_seq=2265 Kendenup Primary School] ]
Businesses nearby and within the town include a winery and accommodation options such as a lodge and several
bed and breakfast establishments.The early homestead buildings are intact but on private property and therefore unavailable for inspection. The old mine and its battery are about 2 km south of the townsite on Jellicoe Road off
Albany Highway . [ [http://register.heritage.wa.gov.au/viewplace.html?offset=3&place_seq=2264 Five Stamp Battery] ]Climate
Kendenup has a temperate climate with warm to hot summers and mild to cold winters. While summer temperatures can exceed 40 degrees Celsius, the average is around 26 degrees. Overnight temperatures can drop below zero degrees in winter but daytime winter temperatures average 10-13 degrees Celsius. [ [http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_009581_All.shtml Climate statistics for Mount Barker] , Bureau of Meteorology, accessed 4 August 2008.]
Rainfall averages from around convert|24|mm|in|0 per month in January to over convert|100|mm|in|0 in July.
Kendenup recorded 125 mm of rainfall in the 24 hours to 9am on 2 March 2005. [ [http://www.bom.gov.au/weather/wa/sevwx/spjun05.shtml Severe Weather Summary January to May 2005] ]
Notable residents
*
Rica Erickson , naturalist and authorReferences
Further reading
*cite paper|author=Allen, R.|title=Kendenup - Homestead and Farm Buildings (unpublished Architectural History Thesis)|publisher=School of Architecture, University of Melbourne|year=1949
*cite book|author=Bunbury, B.|title=Caught in Time: Talking Australian History (Chapter 4: A Vision Splendid, The de Garis story — Kendenup)|isbn=1921064846|publisher=Fremantle Arts Centre Press|year=2006External links
* [http://register.heritage.wa.gov.au/viewplace.html?place_seq=2262&offset=1&view=regentries Heritage Council of Western Australia listings]
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