Scathophaga stercoraria

Scathophaga stercoraria
Male Scathophaga stercoraria
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Diptera
Section:	Schizophora
Family:	Scathophagidae
Subfamily:	Scathophaginae
Genus:	Scathophaga
Species:	S. stercoraria
Binomial name
Scathophaga stercoraria (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms
Musca merdaria Fabricius, 1794 Musca stercoraria Linnaeus, 1758 Musca exilis Harris, 1780

Scathophaga stercoraria, known as the common yellow dung fly or sometimes called the golden dung fly. It is one of the most familiar and abundant of flies in many parts of the northern hemisphere. As its common name suggests, it is often found on mammal faeces, most notably those of horses and cows.

Description

From 5 mm to 11 mm in length. The adult males of Scathophaga stercoraria are bright golden-yellow with orange-yellow fur on the front legs. Females are a little duller in colour, with pronounced green-brown tinges, and lacking the bright coloured fur on the fore legs. It is a very variable species, and part of this may be climate driven.^[1]

Biology

The adults are mostly predators on smaller insects — mostly other Diptera, they will also feed on pollen, but most specimens seen on flowers will be hunting prey there. Both males and females are found on dung, the males only feeding on other insects that visit dung, such as blow-flies. Females will be there both to feed and oviposit on the dung surface,

Females prefer to lay their eggs on the small hills of the dung surface and avoid depressions and pointed parts of the dung. This ensures survival, as emergence is better by avoiding the drying on small points in the dung. Also by avoiding possible drowning by rain by not laying eggs in depressions of the dung surface. The female yellow dung-fly is capable of making these decisions about her egg placement, and thus increasing possibility of success of her future generations.^[2] The eggs hatch into predatory larvae and feed on insect larvae within the dung. After 21 days or more of feeding, dependent on conditions, the larvae burrow into the soil around and beneath the dung and then develop into pupae, before developing into adult flies.

Scathophaga stercoraria can produce four or five generations per season. The adults are active throughout much of the year in most moderate climates. In most cases both males and females will mate multiple times, as is very common in insects. Much has been studied about the competition between genders and what factors determine mating success, and what part that in turn may play on the competitive nature on the larvae.^[3]

Parasites and diseases

Sexually transmitted diseases of insects are known, particularly in Coleoptera and have also been studied in Scathophaga stercoraria. Many of these sexually transmitted diseases are from multicellular ectoparasites (mites), protists or the fungi Entomophthera muscae. These are frequently responsible for ether sterilising or killing the host fly.^[4]

Predators

Beside being an easy meal for a great many bird and bat species, they are also prayed upon by other insects. Among these are the Irish robberfly Machimus cowini and the dune robberfly Philonicus albiceps.^[5]

External links

• Jim Lindsey's page on yellow dung flies
• University of Paisley Scathophaga stercoraria site

References

1. ^ Blanckenhorn, W.U. (1997). "Altitudinal life history variation in the dung flies Scathophaga stercoraria and Sepsis cynipsea". Oecologia 109 (3): 342–352. doi:10.1007/s004420050092. 
2. ^ Ward, P. I.; Foglia, M.; Blanckenhorn, W. U. (1999). "Oviposition site choice in the yellow dung fly Scathophaga stercoraria". Ethology 105 (5): 423–430 pp. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0310.1999.00419.x. 
3. ^ Martin, O.Y.;Hosken,D.J.; Ward P.I. (2004). "Post-copulatory sexual selection and female fitness in Scathophaga stercoraria". Proc. Roy. Soc. B 271 (1537): 353–359 pp. doi:10.1098/rspb.2003.2588. PMC 1691601. PMID 15101693. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1691601. 
4. ^ Knell, R.K. Webberley, K.M. (2004). "Sexually transmitted diseases of insects: distribution, evolution, ecology and host behaviour". Biological Reviews, Cambridge University Press 79: 557–581 pp. 
5. ^ Stubbs, A. and Drake, M. (2001). British Soldierflies and their Allies. pp. 512 pp. ISBN 1899935045.