Goze

Goze (Japanese: 瞽女) is a Japanese historic term referring to visually impaired Japanese women, of whom most worked as musicians.

Etymology

The ideographs for "goze" mean "blind" and "woman." The ideographs are, however, read in this manner because the word "goze" already existed. In fact, it probably derived from the term "mekura" "gozen" 盲御前, which also means blind woman ("gozen" is a formal second-person pronoun). Although the term "goze" can be found in medieval records, other terms such as "mōjo" 盲女, "jomō" 女盲　and the like were also in use (especially in written records) until the modern era. In the spoken language, the term "goze" was usually suffixed by an honorific: "goze-san", "goze-sa", "goze-don", and the like.

Organizations

From the Edo period (1600-1868) "goze" organized themselves in a number of ways. Few large-scale organizations have been found in urban areas, though during the nineteenth century some documents speak of a "goze" association in the city of Edo. In Osaka and some regional towns "goze" were sometimes informally linked to the pleasure quarters, where they were called to perform their songs at parties and the like.

"Goze" organizations developed most in rural areas and continued to exist in Niigata (once known as Echigo) and Nagano prefectures well into the twentieth century (the last important active "goze", Kobayashi Haru 小林ハル, died in 2005, age 105).

From the Edo period onward, other "goze" groups were found from Kyushu in the south to approximately Yamagata and Fukushima prefectures in the north. Farther north blind women tended to become shamans (known as "itako", "waka", "miko" or the like) rather than "goze". Large and important groups were especially active in the Kantō and surrounding areas, in what are today Gunma, Saitama, Chiba, Shizuoka, Yamanashi, Tokyo-to. Other groups were formed in Nagano and Gifu prefectures, and somewhat farther south, in Aichi prefecture. In addition to the well-known groups of Niigata prefecture, groups existed in other areas along the western seaboard, including Toyama, Ishikawa, and Fukui prefectures.

Suzuki Shōei (1996 and elsewhere) divides the organizations of Echigo "goze" into three main types.1. "Goze" organizations such as the one in Takada (today Jōetsu-shi), in which a limited number of "goze" houses (in early twentieth-century Takada 17) were concentrated in the city and in which each house was led by a master teacher who passed on the rights to her position and property to her top (or favorite) student after her death. Girls who wished to become "goze" had to move to the city and enter the house (fictitious family) of the "goze" teacher. Sometimes they were adopted by the teacher as a daughter.2. Organizations such as the one centered on Nagaoka, in which "goze" remained in the countryside, often their own home, after completing their apprenticeship with a "goze" elsewhere. These "goze" teachers were loosely linked to one another by their relation to the "goze" head in Nagaoka (a position assumed by a "goze" who, after becoming the head, assumed the name Yamamoto Goi). Once each year the "goze" of the Nagaoka group assembled at their headquarters, the house of Yamamoto Goi, to celebrate a ceremony known as "myōonkō" (妙音講) in which their history and the rules of their organization was read out loud. A this they deliberated on what to do about members who had broken rules, ate a celebratory meal, and performed for one another.3. Organizations such as the one found in Iida (Nagano prefecture), in which the position of head rotated among members.

Rules

"Goze" organizations existed to allow blind women a degree of independence in pursuing their careers as musicians (or in some cases massage). The rules that governed Echigo "goze" were said to have been decreed by ancient emperors, but no copy of these rules earlier than the late seventeenth century have been found. The central rules governing "goze" behavior was to obey teachers, to be humble towards donors, and not engage in activities that might contravene the morality of the feudal society in which "goze" operated. Although not stipulated in detail, perhaps the most important rule was, as was expected of nuns, not to have a lover, marry, or produce offspring. If such an offense was detected, it easily resulted in the expulsion of a "goze" from the group.

Such rules were necessary in part because many "goze" spent a good part of the year on the road, touring from village to village and depending on farmers to allow them to spend the night and use their houses as makeshift concert halls. Reputation and recognition as an officially sanctioned, upright occupation was thus of great importance in making the career of the "goze" possible. In addition, because Edo-period society was rife with discrimination against women, itinerants, musicians, and anyone with a visual disability, membership in an association that was recognized as legitimate and honorable provided an important tool in fighting the deep-seated prejudice that any woman not firmly in the grips of a male-dominated family was likely to be a dubious vagabond or even prostitute.

ongs

The repertory of most "goze" has been lost, but songs of "goze" from Niigata, Nagano, Saitama, and Kagoshima prefectures have been recorded. The vast majority of these recordings are from what is today Niigata prefecture.

The repertory of Niigata (Echigo) "goze" can be divided into several distinct categories:
# "Saimon matsusaka" 祭文松坂. Long strophic songs in a 7-5 syllable meter, often based on archaic tales, sometimes with a Buddhist message.　The melody to which these texts are sung were probably a variant of the Echigo folk song "Matsusaka bushi." These songs were probably created during the eighteenth century, though elements of the texts are no doubt far older. They were usually only transmitted from one "goze" to another.
# "Kudoki" 口説. Long strophic songs in a 7-7- syllable meter. Texts usually feature double love-suicides or some other melodramatic and sometimes newsworthy theme. The melody to which these texts were sung is a variant of the Echigo folk song "Shinpo kōdaiji" 新保広大寺. "Kudoki" did not appear until the mid-nineteenth century. Although they were a highly typical "goze" song, they were sometimes also sung by other types of performers.
# "Songs performed before doorways" ("kadozuke uta" 門付け唄). A functional designation applying to any song used by "goze" as they made their way from door to door collecting donations. "Goze" usually sang whatever inhabitants of a given area wished to hear, but in the Niigata "goze" repertory some unique songs were used exclusively for such purposes.
# Folk songs ("min'yō" 民謡). Rural songs, usually with no known composer, learned by the populace informally. Many types of folk songs constituted an important part of the "goze" repertory, and were especially useful in livening up parties when "goze" were summoned to perform.
# "Classical" or "semi-classical" songs. Besides the genres listed above, most "goze" also knew a songs belonging to genres such as "nagauta", "jōruri", "hauta", or "kouta". Such songs were often learned from professional musicians outside the "goze" community.

References

* Fritsch, Ingrid
** 1991 “The Sociological Significance of Historically Unreliable Documents in the Case of Japanese Musical Guilds,” in Tokumaru Yosihiko, et al. eds, "Tradition and its Future in Music". Report of SIMS 1990 Ōsaka, pp. 147-52. Tokyo and Osaka: Mita Press.
** 1992 “Blind Female Musicians on the Road: The Social Organization of ‘Goze’ in Japan,” "Chime Journal", 5(Spring): 58-64.
** 1996 "Japans Blinde Sänger im Schutz der Gottheit Myōon-Benzaiten". München: Iudicium.A detailed study of many types of Japanese men and women with visual disabilities, drawing on historical records, myths, and legends. Although the main focus of the book is on the god Myōon-Benzaiten, the protector spirit of the blind in Japan, the book provides an important contribution to the history of visual disability in Japan. "Goze" are treated on pp. 198-231.

* Groemer, Gerald
** 2001 “The Guild of the Blind in Tokugawa Japan,”" Monumenta Nipponica", 56.3:349-380.Treats mainly the "tōdō", the guild of blind men, from the 17th to the 19th centuries. Goze in Edo are discussed on pp. 370-373.

** 2007 "Goze to goze-uta no kenkyū"　瞽女と瞽女唄の研究. Nagoya: University of Nagoya Press (Nagoya Daigaku Shuppankai). Vol. 1: Research; vol. 2: Historical materials.The most thorough, broadly-based study of the history and music of "goze" to date. Vol. 1 provides detailed discussions of "goze" and their organizations throughout Japan from the medieval period to the prewar era and includes transcriptions of most songs that formed the core repertoire of Echigo "goze" as well as of some of the few remaining examples of "goze" songs from other areas. An annotated bibliography can be found on pp. 7-123 (numbered from the back of the volume). Vol. 2 provides "raw" historical documents of "goze", including large numbers of primary sources not published elsewhere.

* Harich-Schneider, Eta
** 1957 “Regional Folk Songs and Itinerant Minstrels in Japan,” "Journal of the American Musicological Society", no. 10, pp. 132-3.
** 1959 “The Last Remnants of a Mendicant Musicians Guild: The Goze in Northern Honshu (Japan).” "Journal of the International Folk Music Council", 11: 56-59.Harich-Schneider visited Niigata during the 1950s and provided what were some of the first western views of "goze" active in that region. Though important in their day, her studies are badly dated and replete with errors.

*Katō Yasuaki 加藤康昭
**1974 "Nihon mōjin shakai-shi kenkyū"日本盲人社会史研究. Mirai-sha.The indispensable standard work on the history of the blind in Japan, male and female. Although most of the discussion centers on men, "goze" are discusses throughout.

* Saitō Shin’ichi 斎藤真一
** 1972 " Goze: mōmoku no tabi geinin"　瞽女　盲目の旅芸人. Nippon Hōsō Shuppan Kyōkai.
** 1972 "Echigo goze nikki"　越後瞽女日記. Kawade Shobō Shinsha.Saitō's 1972 volume was important in the creation of the "goze" boom" that swept Japan during the 1970s. His work, based mostly on personal observations, interviews with "goze" and their patrons, and other types of fieldwork is still important, though tends to romanticize the Echigo "goze".

* Sakuma Jun’ichi　佐久間淳一
** 1975 "Agakita goze to goze-uta shū"　阿賀北瞽女と瞽女唄集. Shibata-shi: Shibata-shi Bunkazai Chōsa Shingikai.
** 1986 "Goze no minzoku" 瞽女の民俗("Minzoku mingei sōsho," vol. 91). Iwasaki Bijutsu-sha.Scholarly, well-informed, important studies. Sakuma 1986 is still the most important collection of Nagaoka "goze" texts, though recently some of the recordings used by Sakuma have been reviewed with even greater care by Itagaki Shun'ichi 板垣俊一 who has produced even more accurate annotated transcriptions of the texts.

* Suzuki Shōei　鈴木昭英
** 1996 " Goze: shinkō to geinō"　瞽女　信仰と芸能. Koshi Shoin

* Suzuki Shōei, et al., eds.
** 1976 "Ihira Take kikigaki: Echigo no goze"　伊平タケ聞き書　越後の瞽女. Kōdan-sha.Besides these two volumes, Suzuki has produced a large number of highly accurate, trustworthy, and indispensable studies on "goze" organizations, "goze" (auto)biographies, teacher-student relations, song texts,and much else.

External links

* [http://kunden.powerplant.de/www.popstudium.de/genderforschung/subsite02.html Musizierende Frauengemeinschaften in Japan] - Beobachtungen von Studenten der musikwissenschaftlichen Genderforschung an der Universität Paderborn und der Hochschule für Musik Detmold
* Mami Fukae: " [http://www.crisscross.com/jp/book/76 Blind musician sees more than most] "
* Two old photographs from the late Edo period of models posing as "goze" [http://hikoma.lb.nagasaki-u.ac.jp/en/target.php?id=2541] , [http://hikoma.lb.nagasaki-u.ac.jp/en/target.php?id=4326]