- Cross-layer optimization
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Cross-layer optimization is an escape from the pure waterfall-like concept of the OSI communications model with virtually strict boundaries between layers. The cross layer approach transports feedback dynamically via the layer boundaries to enable the compensation for e.g. overload, latency or other mismatch of requirements and resources by any control input to another layer but that layer directly affected by the detected deficiency.[1][2]
Especially in information routing with concurrent demand for limited capacity of channels there may be a need for a concept of intervention to balance between e.g. the needs of intelligible speech transmission and of sufficiently dynamic control commands. Any fixed allocation of resources will lead to a mismatch under special conditions of operations. Any highly dynamic change of resource allocation might affect the intelligibility of voice or the steadiness of videos. However, as with other optimizing strategies, the algorithm consumes time as well [3].
Contents
Adjusting quality of service
Cross-layer optimization shall contribute to an improvement of quality of services under various operational conditions. Such adaptive quality of service management is currently subject of various patent applications, as e.g. [4] The cross-layer control mechanism provides a feedback on concurrent quality information for the adaptive setting of control parameters. The control scheme applies
- the observed quality parameters
- a fuzzy logic based reasoning about applying the appropriate control strategy
- the statistically computed control input to parameter settings and mode switches
Tailoring to resource efficiency
The quality aspect is not the only approach to tailor the cross-layer optimization strategy. The control adjusted to availability of limited resources is the first mandatory step to achieve at least a minimum level of quality. Respective studies have been performed and will continue [5]
Adapting MAC scheduling based on PHY parameters
Communication systems that need to operate over media with non stationary background noise may benefit from having a close coordination between the MAC layer (which is responsible for scheduling transmissions) and the PHY layer (which manages actual transmission and reception of data over the media).
In some communications channels (for example, in power lines), noise may be non-stationary and might vary synchronously with the 50 or 60 Hz AC current cycle. In scenarios like this, overall system performance can be improved if the MAC can get information from the PHY regarding when and how the noise level is changing, so that the MAC can schedule transmission during the periods of time in which noise levels are lower.
An example of a communications system that allows this kind of Cross-layer optimization is the ITU-T G.hn standard, which provides high-speed local area networking over existing home wiring (power lines, phone lines and coaxial cables).
Issues
Some issues may arise with cross-layer design and optimization by creating unwanted effects as explained in [6].
See also
- OSI model
- Cognitive networks
References
- ^ http://www.ece.purdue.edu/~shroff/Shroff/journal/LSS06.pdf
- ^ http://netlab.caltech.edu/pub/papers/tcpip-ton2004.pdf
- ^ http://graphics.stanford.edu/projects/lgl/papers/sab-adhocnow-04/sab-adhocnow-04.pdf
- ^ Cross-layer integrated collision free path routing - US Patent 7339897
- ^ http://www.nyman-workshop.org/2003/papers/Cross-Layer%20Optimization%20for%20Sensor%20Networks.pdf
- ^ V. Kawadia, P.R. Kumar, "A cautionary perspective on cross-layer design", in: IEEE Wireless Communications, Volume 12, Issue 1, Feb. 2005.
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