Australian Snubfin Dolphin

Taxobox
name = Australian Snubfin Dolphin

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image_caption = Note smooth back and a crease separating head and back

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image2_caption = Size comparison against an average human
status = DD
status_system = iucn2.3
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Chordata
classis = Mammalia
ordo = Cetacea
familia = Delphinidae
genus = "Orcaella"
species = "O. heinsohni"
binomial = "Orcaella heinsohni"
binomial_authority = Beasley, Robertson & Arnold, 2005
range_

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range_map_caption = Known distribution in blue; suspected distribution in yellow. Question marks indicate areas where no snubnosed dolphins were recorded but might occur.

The Australian Snubfin Dolphin ("Orcaella heinsohni") is a recently recognised species of dolphin, scientifically described in 2005.

It is closely related to the Irrawaddy dolphin ("O. brevirostris"), and closely resembles it. Until very recently they were thought to be Irrawaddy dolphins. However, the Australian snubfin is tri-coloured, while the Irrawaddy dolphin only has two colours on its skin. Also the skull and the fins show minor differences between the two species.

Discovery

New species of large mammals are quite rarely described nowadays, and those that are usually from remote areas - such as the Saola - or are otherwise rarely encountered, see for example Perrin's Beaked Whale, or the Spade-toothed Whale which is only known from a few bones cast ashore. In fact, the Australian Snubfin is the first new dolphin species to be described in 56 years. It is unusual among recently-described mammals in that a population is accessible for scientific study.

Nonetheless, the existence of snubfin dolphins in the waters of northern Australia had only become known in 1948, when a skull was found at Melville Bay (Gove Peninsula, Northern Territory). This individual apparently had been caught and eaten by aboriginals. However, the discovery remained unnoted until discussed by Johnson (1964), and soon thereafter a Dutch skipper had his observations of the then-unrecognized species published (Mörzer Bruyns 1966).

Two scientists, Isabel Beasley of James Cook University and Peter Arnold of Museum of Tropical Queensland, took DNA samples from the population of dolphins off the coast of Townsville, Queensland. They then sent the samples to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Southwest Fisheries Science Center in La Jolla, California. The results showed that George Heinsohn was correct in his hypothesis (Arnold and Heinsohn 1996) that the Townsville population was a new species.

The holotype QM JM4721 (JUCU MM61) is the skull and some other bones of an adult male found drowned in a shark net at Horseshoe Bay, Queensland, on April 21, 1972. It was about 11 years old at the time of its death.(Beasley, Robertson & Arnold 2005)

Description

"O. heinsohni" is subtly tri-coloured: brownish on the top, lighter brown along the sides, and a white belly; the Irrawaddy Dolphin, on the other hand, is uniformly slaty grey except for the white belly. The new species has a rounded forehead, very unlike other dolphin species in Australia, and the very small, "snubby" dorsal fin distinguishes it from other dolphins in its range. The lack of a groove on each side of the back and the presence of a neck crease further distinguishes this species from its relative.

Taxonomy

The taxonomic name, "Orcaella heinsohni", was chosen in honor of George Heinsohn, an Australian biologist who worked at James Cook University, "for his pioneering work on northeast Australian odontocetes, including the collection and initial analysis of "Orcaella heinsohni" specimens which form the basis for much of our knowledge of the new species" (Beasley, Robertson & Arnold 2005).

Range and status

In the Pacific Ocean off Townsville, about 200 individual Snubfin dolphins were found. It is expected that the range of the species extends into Papua New Guinea - that is, "O. heinsohni" is endemic to the northern half of the Sahul Shelf -, but that the majority live in Australian waters. They are not thought to be common and are being given a high conservation priority. Its IUCN classification of "data deficient" refers to this species and the Irrawaddy Dolphin combined (Cetacean Specialist Group 1996). Threats include drowning in fishery and anti-shark nets; while some hunting by indigenous people probably occurs (as evidenced by the 1948 specimen), this is likely to be insignificant compared to the threat posed by drowning.

References

* (1996): Phylogenetic status of the Irrawaddy dolphin "Orcaella brevirostris" (Owen in Gray): A cladistic analysis. "Memoirs of the Queensland Museum" 39(2): 141-204. [http://www.qm.qld.gov.au/organisation/publications/memoirs/detail.asp?id=1125 HTML abstract]
* (2005): Description of a new dolphin, the Australian Snubfin Dolphin "Orcaella heinsohni" sp. n. (Cetacea, Delphinidae). "Marine Mammal Science" 21(3): 365-400. doi|10.1111/j.1748-7692.2005.tb01239.x (HTML abstract)
*|year=1996|id=15419|title=Orcaella brevirostris|downloaded=12 May 2006 Database entry includes a lengthy justification of why this species is listed as data deficient
* (1964): Mammals of the Arnhem Land expedition. "In:" aut|Specht, R.L. (ed.): "Records of the American-Australian scientific expedition to Arnhem Land. Zoology": 427-515. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, Australia.
* (1966): Some notes on the Irrawaddy dolphin, "Orcaella brevirostris" (Owen 1866). "Zeitschrift fur Säugetierkunde" 31: 367-372.

External links

* [http://media.jcu.edu.au/story.cfm?id=425 http://media.jcu.edu.au/story.cfm?id=425]
* [http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200507/s1407205.htm DNA samples reveal new dolphin species]
* [http://www.wdcs.org Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society (WDCS)]
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/video/2008/aug/01/raredolphin Rare Australian snubfin dolphins filmed for first time]