Turcilingi

map of barbarian peoples during the time of Augustulus, from his "Italy and Her Invaders". The location of the Turcilingi is only a guess.] The Turcilingi, Torcilingi, or Thorcilingi were an obscure barbarian people who first appeared on the historical scene in Gaul in the mid-fifth century and last appeared in Italy during the reign of Romulus Augustulus (475–476). Their only known leader was Odovacar.

Primary sources

The Turcilingi are mentioned in only two independent sources: three times in the "Getica" of Jordanes and once in the "Historia Miscella" of Landulf Sagax. They are also mentioned once in the "Historia Langobardorum" of Paul the Deacon in a passage that is a derivative of Jordanes. Johann Kaspar Zeuss, followed by Karl V. Müllenhoff, believed that the 'Ρουτίχλειοι mentioned in the "Geographia" of Ptolemy (II.11.7) were the Turcilingi, but this thesis requires a complex etymology. Landulf Sagax lists them together with the Sciri among the nations which participated on the side of Attila and the Huns at the Battle of Châlons. Landulf is the unique source for this information; though he is a very late source (tenth century), it is probable that he had access to now lost sources and there is nothing inherently improbable about the Turcilingi being present at Châlons along with the Sciri as Hunnic allies.

Jordanes introduces us to the Turcilingi, though he makes no mention of them at Châlons. The Turcilingi were joined with several other barbarian tribes, like the Sciri, Rugii, and Heruli, under Odovacar as "foederati" of the Western Roman Emperor Romulus Augustulus, who was a puppet of his father, Flavius Orestes. The barbarians demanded from Orestes in return for their military service some Italian land on which to settle. They were denied. According to Jordanes:

Now when Augustulus had been appointed Emperor by his father Orestes in Ravenna, it was not kong before Odoacer, king of the Torcilingi ("rex Torcilingorum"), invaded Italy, as leader of the Sciri, the Heruli and allies of various races. He put Orestes to death . . . (XLVI.242)

When Theodoric the Great was looking for a pretext to invade Italy in 493, he petitioned the Eastern Roman Emperor Zeno by reminding him of the "tyranny" (unlawful rule) of the city of Rome by Turcilingi and Rugii. According to Jordanes, Theodoric gave the following justification:

The western country, long ago governed by the rule of your ancestors and predecessors, and that city which was the head and mistress of the world—wherefore is it now shaken by the tyranny of the Torcilingi and the Rugi ("sub regis Thorcilingorum Rogorumque tyrannide")? (LVII.291)

Theodoric's charge against the Turcilingi had resonance. As late as the seventeenth century, Lancelot Andrewes found use for citing the "inhumanity" and barbarity of the Turcilingi in his .

Paul the Deacon, in his opening chapter (I.1), names several peoples (Vandals, Rugii, Heruli, Turcilingi) who have come, he says, from "Germania" to Italy. He goes on to name the Lombards as latecomers from the same region. This passage is clearly based on Jordanes, but its reference to Germany is unique. Nonetheless, Paul does not say that the Turcilingi are Germans: "The Goths indeed, and the Wandals, the Rugii, Heroli, and Turcilingi, and also other fierce and barbarous nations have come from Germany." The Turcilingi appear to have originated in Germany, perhaps near the Baltic Sea, [This is where Zeuss places them, with the Rugii.] and thence moved with the Huns into Gaul and finally to the Danube, possibly Noricum, before entering Italy with Odovacar.

Identification

The Turcilingi have been identified with the Thuringii by Helmut Castritius and Walter Pohl. Odovacar's father is said to have been a Thuringian in some sources. If this is true, it would make sense that he ruled those people and "Turcilingi" is merely a scribal error for "Thuringii".

Nineteenth-century German scholarship supposed that the Turcilingi were neighbours of (or the same people as) the Sciri in the first century, or that they were the royal clan of the Sciri or the Huns. The more enthusiastic invented a homeland for them straddling the Oder, with the Sciri to the east, the Vandals to the west, and the Rugii to the north. These scholars placed them in the Gothic "mouvance".

Etymology

The problem of identification is related to the problem of etymology. Both are related to the question whether the Turcilingi were Germanic or not. The "-ling" suffix is Germanic, denoting members of a line, usually one descended from a common ancestor. The root "Turci-" is neither Germanic nor Slavic, but is perhaps Uro-Altaic, that is, Turkic. The Turkish connexion is supported by the fact that the historical Turcilingi are always seen with the Sciri, who were connected with the Huns, possibly a Turkic people, and have even been called Alans, almost certainly a Turkic ethnicity. [Goffart, 68, suggests that the Turcilingi are the Alans.] The Turcilingi and Sciri were perhaps the first sizable Turkic populations in Europe.

Completely Turkic etymologies for the name "Turcilingi" have been proposed. "Türk-lük" or "Turkdom" is a plausible starting point, suggested by Edouard Blochet. The Turkic given names Ṭoghril, Ṭoghrul, or Ṭogrul could form the basis of a Germanicised tribal name. The Pecheneg name Turak is an alternative suggestion. The Gothic form "*Taurkiliggos" has been hypothesised as a root meaning "descendants of the "*Taurkeis", that is, Turks. [ [http://listserv.linguistlist.org/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0609&L=gothic-l&D=1&P=12003 Gothic Culture, History And Language: Re: Terwingi and Tyringi/Turingi.] ]

Based on his Turkic name, Aspar may have been Turcilingian.

References

*Goffart, Walter A. (1980). "Barbarians and Romans, A.D. 418–584: The Techniques of Accommodation". Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 069 110 231 7.
*Jordanes. [http://www.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/texts/jordgeti.html "The Origins and Deeds of the Goths".] Charles C. Mierow, trans. Last modified 22 April 1997.
*Mcbain, Bruce (1983). "Odovacer the Hun?" "Classical Philology", 78:4 (Oct.), pp. 323–327.
*MacGeorge, Penny (2002). "Late Roman Warlords". Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 019 925 244 0.
*Paul the Deacon (1907). [http://www.northvegr.org/lore/langobard/028.php "Historia Langobardorum"IV.xlii] William Dudley Foulke, trans.
*Reynolds, Robert L. and Robert S. Lopez (1946). "Odoacer: German or Hun?" "The American Historical Review", 52:1 (Oct.), pp. 36–53.
*Thompson, E. A. (1982). "Romans and Barbarians: The Decline of the Western Empire". Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0 299 08700 X.

Notes