Nutritional gatekeeper

Nutritional gatekeeper has been used to refer to the person in a household who typically makes the purchasing and preparation decisions related to food.^[1] Nutritional gatekeepers can be a parent, grandparent, sibling, or caregiver.^[2] Traditionally a role played by women, today the role of nutritional gatekeeper is not part of any gender role.

History

The concept of the nutritional gatekeeper was first suggested by Kurt Lewin in 1943.^[3] Before that time, most past efforts to study nutrition education had focused on the individuals eating the food.

Based on Lewin’s research, food reaches the household through “channels” such as grocery store, the garden, and the refrigerator. The selection of the channels and the food that passes through them is under control of the gatekeeper.^[4]

For sixty-five years since Lewin’s work, many dietetics and nutrition textbooks have referred, in the discussions of children’s and adolescents’ dietary habits, to the gatekeeper role played by women.^[5]

Home nutritional gatekeeper

A home’s nutritional gatekeeper usually has the biggest food influence in the nutrition life of most people. They are the biggest food influence in the lives of their children as well as in the life of their spouse or partner. Regardless of the gatekeeper’s sex or age and regardless of whether they are a great cook or whether they are "culinarily challenged", the gatekeeper has a huge day-to-day influence on his or her family’s nutrition.

An average of 72% of what and how much children eat is estimated to be either directly or indirectly determined by these nutritional gatekeepers.^[6] In addition, the gatekeeper has a direct and an indirect impact on what the children eat outside the home.^[7] This happens every time they make their children’s lunches and every time they give them enough money to afford whatever lunch or snack they want. They also influence the restaurant orders of their family by what they recommend or order themselves.^[8]

It has been demonstrated that children without regular family dinners ate sweets and fast foods more often, and had more behavioral problems than those having regular family dinners.^[9]

Cooks as nutritional gatekeepers

Gatekeeper research starting in the 1940s suggests that the cooks are also responsible for nutrition.^[10] Cooking family dinners can expand the nutritional gatekeeper's influence. Eating family dinner has been associated with healthful dietary patterns, better fruit and vegetable intake, lower intake of fried food and soda.^[11] Cooks are not only gatekeepers, but opinion leaders as well.^[12]

Growing role of caregivers outside the home as nutritional gatekeeper

Greater numbers of children are relying on caregivers to provide a significant portion of their nutritional needs or act as nutritional gatekeepers. Currently, child care in the United States is varied – child care homes (both regulated and unregulated) – and other placement such as care in the child’s home by a relative or other caregiver.^[13]

Providing healthful meals and snacks to children during the day (and sometimes the early evening as well) in a pleasant eating environment is a major responsibility for the child care facility. In other words, the child care facility have joined the family as the nutritional gatekeepers’.^[14] As stated in Briley,Mcbride, & Roberts-Gray, 1997, Caregivers are being asked to take the role of the nutritional gatekeeper for children.^[15]

Government involvement

ProjectMOM

The USDA has taken note on the powerful influence of nutritional gatekeepers. They have launched an initiative called, “Project M.O.M.” (Mothers & Others & MyPyramid) to help improve eating habits by focusing on the nutritional gatekeepers. The idea behind the project is as follows: If we can collectively connect with a family’s nutritional gatekeeper, in ways that help the family eat more nutritiously and be more physically active, we could make an immediate change, with lasting impact.^[16]

See also

• Diet and cancer
• Diet and heart disease
• Diet (multiple sclerosis)
• Food Balance Wheel
• Health food
• Health promotion
• Nutrigenomics
• Nutritional genomics
• Standard American Diet
• Raw foodism
• CRON-diet

References

1. ^ Wansink, Brian (2003), “Profiling Nutritional Gatekeepers: Three Methods for Differentiating Influential Cooks,” Food Quality and Preference, 14:4 (June), 289-297.
2. ^ Mindless Eating: Why We Eat More Than We Think - ISBN 9780553384482 - Brian Wansink. [1]
3. ^ Food and Gender: Identity and Power by Carole Counihan, Steven L. Kaplan - Medical – 1998 [2]
4. ^ Lewin (p. 37)
5. ^ Whitney and Cataldo 1983: Bass et al. 1979: Giffte et al. 1972
6. ^ Wansink, Brian (2006), “Nutritional Gatekeepers and the 72% Solution,” Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 106:9 (September), 1324-6. – [3]
7. ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/17/health/17well.html
8. ^ Safety, Nutrition, and Health in Early Education by Catherine Robertson [4]
9. ^ Richard R Rosenkranz, David A Dzewaltowski (2008) "Model of the home food environment pertaining to childhood obesity", Nutrition Reviews 66 (3) , 123–140
10. ^ Wansink, Brian. “Profiling Nutritional Gatekeepers: Three Methods for Differentiating Influential Cooks.” Food Quality and Preference. June 2003. Volume 14, Issue 4. Pages 289 - 297.
11. ^ 3.Richard R Rosenkranz, David A Dzewaltowski (2008) "Model of the home food environment pertaining to childhood obesity", Nutrition Reviews 66, 123–140.
12. ^ Wansink, B., 2002. Changing habits on the home front: lost lessons from World War II research. Journal of Public Policy and Marketing 201, pp. 90–99
13. ^ Nutrition Education + Training Program, School + Community Nutrition, Georgia Department of Education 1997.
14. ^ Managing Child Nutrition Programs: Leadership for Excellence by Josephine Martin, Martha T. Conklin [5]
15. ^ "Safety, Nutrition, and Health in Early Education" by Catherine Robertson, Cathie Robertson - Family & Relationships - 2002 - 544 pages [6]
16. ^ United States Department of Agriculture – Progect M.O.M –

Additional reading

1. Nutritional Gatekeepers," Chapter 8 in # "'Mindless Eating: Why We Eat More Than We Think' by Brian Wansink, New York: Bantam-Dell 2006
2. Who's Your Food Gatekeeper? - Exercise
3. “Nutritional Gatekeepers and the 72% Solution,” by Brian Wansink in Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 106:9 (September), 2006 1324-6.
4. State of the world 2002: a Worldwatch Institute report on progress toward a ... by Worldwatch Institute, Christopher Flavin, Linda Starke, Worldwatch Institute
5. World Development Report 2003: Sustainable Development in a Dynamic World, by Zmarak Shalizi, The World Bank, World Bank
6. Handbook of Nutrition and Food by Carolyn D. Berdanier, Johanna Dwyer, Elaine B. Feldman
7. “Profiling Nutritional Gatekeepers: Three Methods for Differentiating Influential Cooks,” by Brian Wansink in Food Quality and Preference, 14:4 (June), 2003, 289-297.
8. Managing Child Nutrition Programs: Leadership for Excellence by Josephine Martin, Martha T. Conklin

External links

• USDA — Project M.O.M.