Horatio Gordon Robley

Infobox Person
name = Horation Gordon Robley


caption =
birth_date = 28 June, 1840
birth_place = Funchal, Madeira
death_date = 29 October, 1930
death_place = London
other_names =
known_for = Collection of Mokomokai
occupation = Soldier, Artist
nationality = British

Horatio Gordon Robley (28 June, 1840 – 29 October, 1930) was a soldier, artist and collector of Mokomokai and antiquities.

Robley was born at Funchal, Madeira on 28 June 1840, the son of Captain John Horatio Robley and Augusta June Penfold. Robley followed in his father's footsteps and became a professional soldier. However he also inherited his mother's artistic skills and became an accomplished sketcher and watercolourist.

In 1858 he purchased an ensigncy in the 68th Durham Light Infantry for 450 pounds. After a short period of training in Ireland he joined his regiment in Burma where he remained for nearly five years. He took every opportunity to observe the people and learn the language. In addition to his military duties Robley continued with his sketching and made visits into the countryside to document daily life. When sketching Buddhist temples he became friendly with several Buddhist monks and had an image of Buddha tattooed in red on his right arm. This was the start of a lifelong interest in the practice of tattooing. The numerous sketches made during this period formed the basis for his illustrations some years later, when he was asked by the firm Cassells & Co. to contribute to their publication, "Races of Mankind".

In 1860 Robley was sent home to England for a period of sick leave. He began to specialise in rifle shooting, applying for and being granted a term in the School of Musketry. Rejoining his regiment he was present at the siege of Delhi (1857); afterwards, at Rangoon, he assumed command of the guard of King Bahadur Shah.

In 1863 the 68th Regiment left Burma for the New Zealand land wars and landed at Auckland, New Zealand on 8 January 1864. Again displaying a desire to absorb his new surroundings, Robley purchased a Māori vocabulary and other books about Māori. In the following April, Robley took his troops to Tauranga to join General Cameron's forces attacking Pukehinahina also known as Gate Pā. His talent at sketching contributed to the campaign immediately, as he made a sketch with such accuracy of the inland view to the south-west that the troops were able to outflank the enemy's position.

He remained at Tauranga for 19 months until the beginning of 1866 during which time he continued drawing. He completed a series of detailed sketches of the Māori defences at Pukehinahina, Māori wounded, surrenders and other scenes of the time. He continued his interest in tattooing and completed accurate sketches of the tattoo designs of the wounded and dead. Several of these scenes were later reproduced in the "Illustrated London News" between 1864 and 1867. [ [http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-MelRobl-t1-body-d2.html#MelRobl-fig-MelRobl008a "Robley Soldier with a Pencil" by L.W. Martin; New Zealand Electronic Text Centre; 2007; Wellington, New Zealand section II] ]

During his time in New Zealand he met Herete Mauao and they had a son whom they named Hamiora Tu Ropere.

His regiment was withdrawn from Tauranga early in 1866 and sailed from Auckland arriving back in England at Spithead on 28 June 1866. In 1870 Robley purchased a captaincy for £1,100, and on 4 February 1871 transferred to the Argyle and Sutherland Highlanders. He remained on Home Service until 1880, when he was promoted to major and dispatched to Mauritius. Later he was sent to South Africa and saw service in Cape Colony, Natal and Zululand. He then went to Ceylon where, in 1882, he was promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel and assumed command of the regiment. He wrote his regiment's history. In 1887 he retired from the Army with the rank of Major-General and returned to live in London.

Continuing with writing after his retirement he returned to his interest in tattoos and wrote two books relating to his time in New Zealand, "Moko or Maori Tattooing" in 1896 and "Pounamu: Notes on New Zealand Greenstone". In the first book, as well as demonstrating and explaining the art of Māori tattooing, he also wrote chapters on the dried tattooed heads or Mokomokai. Robley decided to acquire as many examples of Mokomokai as possible, and at length built up a unique collection of 35 heads. In 1908 he offered them to the New Zealand Government for £1,000; his offer, however, was refused. Later, with the exception of the five best examples which Robley retained, the collection was purchased by the American Museum of Natural History, New York, for the equivalent £1,250. In 1998, after an approach by Robley's descendants and Dalvanius Prime, the Museum of Natural History repatriated these to New Zealand.

Robley also collected Māori antiquities. [ [http://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/search.aspx?advanced=colCollectionType%3a%22Taonga+Maori%22+colAssParty%3a%22Robley%2c+Horatio+Gordon%22+colCollectionGroup%3aCH Papa hou collected by Robley in the collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa] ] Some of his collection was purchased by the collector W. O. Oldman whose collection was purchased by the New Zealand Government in 1948.

Robley maintained a lively correspondence with a number of New Zealanders and maintained close links with New Zealand House during his lifetime. He died in London on 29 October 1930.

References

* [http://www.teara.govt.nz/1966/R/RobleyMajor-generalHoratioGordon/RobleyMajor-generalHoratioGordon/en "Major-General Horatio Gordon Robley" 1966 Encyclopedia of New Zealand]
* [http://www.robley.org.uk/rev-isaac-r.html Robley Family Genealogy]
* [http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-RobMoko.html Digitized version of "Moko or Maori Tatooing" by Horatio Gordon Robley; New Zealand Electronic Text Centre; 2007; Wellington, New Zealand]
* [http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-MelRobl.html Digitized version of "Robley - Soldier with a Pencil" by L.W. Martin; New Zealand Electronic Text Centre; 2007; Wellington, New Zealand]
* [http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/name-400551.html "Robley: Te Ropere 1840 - 1930" by Timothy Walker; University of Auckland; 1985]

External Links

* [http://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/Search.aspx?page=2&advanced=colProProductionMakers%3a%22Robley%2c+Horatio+Gordon%22+colCollectionGroup%3aCH Artworks by Horatio Gordon Robley in the collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa]

Persondata
NAME= Robley, Horatio Gordon
ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
SHORT DESCRIPTION= soldier, artist, collector
DATE OF BIRTH= 28 June, 1840
PLACE OF BIRTH= Madeira
DATE OF DEATH= 29 October, 1930
PLACE OF DEATH= London