Nitrosomonas

Nitrosomonas
Nitrosomonas
Scientific classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Proteobacteria
Class: Beta Proteobacteria
Order: Nitrosomonadales
Family: Nitrosomonadaceae
Genus: Nitrosomonas
Winogradsky, 1892
Species

N. aestuarii
N. communis
N. europaea
N. eutropha
N. halophila
N. marina
N. nitrosa
N. oligotropha
N. ureae

Nitrosomonas is a genus comprising rod shaped chemoautotrophic bacteria.[1]

This rare bacteria oxidizes ammonia into nitrite as a metabolic process. Nitrosomonas are useful in treatment of industrial and sewage waste and in the process of bioremediation. They are important in the nitrogen cycle by increasing the availability of nitrogen to plants while limiting carbon dioxide fixation.[1] The genus is found in soil, sewage, freshwater, and on building surfaces, especially in polluted areas that contains high levels of nitrogen compounds.

Nitrosomonas prefers an optimum pH of 6.0-9.0 and a temperature range of 20 to 30°C. Most species are motile with a flagellum located in the polar regions.

The bacteria has power generating membranes, which form long, thin tubes inside the cell. These use electrons from the oxidation of ammonia to produce energy.[1] It obtains the carbon it requires from the atmosphere via carbon fixation, which converts carbon in a gaseous form into carbon bound in organic molecules.

Unlike plants, which fix carbon into sugar through energy gained through the process of photosynthesis, Nitrosomonas use energy gained through the oxidation of ammonia to fix gaseous carbon dioxide into organic molecules. Nitrosomonas must consume large amounts of ammonia before cell division can occur, and the process of cell division may take up to several days. This microbe is photophobic, and will cover itself in slime or form clumps with other microbes to avoid light.[1]

The species Nitrosomonas europaea has been identified as also being able to degrade a variety of halogenated compounds including trichloroethylene, benzene, and vinyl chloride.[2] Some Nitrosomonas species possess the enzyme, urease, which catalyzes the conversion of the urea molecule to two ammonia molecules and one carbon dioxide molecule. Nitrosomonas europaea, as well as populations of soil-dwelling ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, have been shown to assimilate the carbon dioxide released by the reaction to make biomass via the Calvin Cycle, and harvest energy by oxidizing ammonia (the other product of urease) to nitrite. This feature may explain enhanced growth of AOB in the presence of urea in acidic environments.[3]

Some sources regard Nitrobacteraceae to be the family of the genus Nicosomonas.

References

  1. ^ a b c d http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Nitrosomonas
  2. ^ http://genome.jgi-psf.org/finished_microbes/niteu/niteu.home.html
  3. ^ Marsh, K. L., G. K. Sims, and R. L. Mulvaney. 2005. Availability of urea to autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria as related to the fate of 14C- and 15N-labeled urea added to soil. Biol. Fert. Soil. 42:137-145.


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