- Vibrations of a circular drum
[
drum (mode u_{12} with the notation below). Other modes are shown at the bottom of the article.]The
vibration s of an idealized circulardrum , essentially an elasticmembrane of uniform thickness attached to a rigid circular frame, are solutions of thewave equation with zero boundary conditions.There exist infinitely many ways in which a drum can vibrate, depending on the shape of the drum at some initial time and the rate of change of the shape of the drum at the initial time. Using
separation of variables , it is possible to find a collection of "simple" vibration modes, and it can be proved that any arbitrarily complex vibration of a drum can be decomposed as a linear combination of the simpler vibrations.Motivation
The most obvious relevance of the vibrating drum problem is to the analysis of certain percussion instruments like a
drum or atimpani . However, there is also a biological application in the working of theeardrum . From an educational point of view the modes of a two dimensional object are a convenient way to visually demonstrate the meaning of modes, nodes, antinodes and evenquantum number s. These are all concepts that students who are first exposed to the structure of the atom need to become familiar with.The problem
Consider an
open disk Omega of radius a centered at the origin, which will represent the "still" drum shape. At any time t, the height of the drum shape at a point x, y) in Omega measured from the "still" drum shape will be denoted by u(x, y, t), which can take both positive and negative values. Let partial Omega denote the boundary of Omega, that is, the circle of radius a centered at the origin, which represents the rigid frame to which the drum is attached.The mathematical equation that governs the vibration of the drum is the wave equation with zero boundary conditions,
: frac{partial^2 u}{partial t^2} = c^2 left(frac{partial^2 u}{partial x^2}+frac{partial^2 u}{partial y^2} ight) ext{ for }(x, y) in Omega ,
: u = 0 ext{ on }partial Omega.,
Here, c is a positive constant, which gives the "speed" of vibration.
Due to the circular geometry, it will be convenient to use
polar coordinates , r and heta. Then, the above equations are written as:frac{partial^2 u}{partial t^2} = c^2 left(frac{partial^2 u}{partial r^2}+frac {1}{r}frac{partial u}{partial r}+frac{1}{r^2}frac{partial^2 u}{partial heta^2} ight) ext{ for } 0 le r < a, 0 le heta le 2pi,
: u = 0 ext{ for } r=a.,
The radially symmetric case
We will first study the possible modes of vibration of a circular drum that are radially symmetric. Then, the function u does not depend on the angle heta, and the wave equation simplifies to
:frac{partial^2 u}{partial t^2} = c^2 left(frac{partial^2 u}{partial r^2}+frac {1}{r}frac{partial u}{partial r} ight) .
We will look for solutions in separated variables, u(r, t) = R(r)T(t). Substituting this in the equation above and dividing both sides by c^2R(r)T(t) yields
: frac{T"(t)}{c^2T(t)} = frac{1}{R(r)}left(R"(r) + frac{1}{r}R'(r) ight).
The left-hand side of this equality does not depend on r, and the right-hand side does not depend on t, it follows that both sides must equal to some constant K. We get separate equations for T(t) and R(r):
: T"(t) = Kc^2T(t) ,: rR"(r)+R'(r)-KrR(r)=0.,
The equation for T(t) has solutions which exponentially grow or decay for K>0, are linear or constant for K=0, and are periodic for K<0. Physically it is expected that a solution to the problem of a vibrating drum will be oscillatory in time, and this leaves only the third case, K<0, when K=-lambda^2 for some number lambda>0. Then, T(t) is a linear combination of sine and cosine functions,
: T(t)=Acos clambda t + Bsin c lambda t.,
Turning to the equation for R(r), with the observation that K=-lambda^2, all solutions of this second-order differential equation are a linear combination of
Bessel function s of order 0,:R(r) = c_1 J_0(lambda r)+ c_2 Y_0(lambda r).,
The Bessel function Y_0 is unbounded for r o 0, which results in an unphysical solution to the vibrating drum problem, so the constant c_2 must be null. We will also assume c_1=1, as otherwise this constant can be absorbed later into the constants A and B coming from T(t). It follows that
: R(r) = J_0(lambda r).
The requirement that height u be zero on the boundary of the drum results in the condition
: R(a) = J_0(lambda a) = 0.
The Bessel function J_0 has an infinite number of positive roots,
: 0< alpha_{01} < alpha_{02} < cdots
We get that lambda a=alpha_{0n}, for n=1, 2, dots, so
: R(r) = J_0left(frac{alpha_{0n{a}r ight).
Therefore, the radially symmetric solutions u of the vibrating drum problem that can be represented in separated variables are
: u_{0n}(r, t) = left(Acos clambda_{0n} t + Bsin clambda_{0n} t ight)J_0left(lambda_{0n} r ight) for n=1, 2, dots, ,
where lambda_{0n} = alpha_{0n}/a.
The general case
The general case, when u can also depend on the angle heta, is treated similarly. We assume a solution in separated variables,
: u(r, heta, t) = R(r)Theta( heta)T(t).,
Substituting this into the wave equation and separating the variables, gives
: frac{T"(t)}{c^2T(t)} = frac{R"(r)}{R(r)}+frac{R'(r)}{rR(r)} + frac{Theta"( heta)}{r^2Theta( heta)}=K
where K is a constant. As before, from the equation for T(t) it follows that K=-lambda^2 with lambda>0 and
: T(t)=Acos clambda t + Bsin c lambda t.,
From the equation
: frac{R"(r)}{R(r)}+frac{R'(r)}{rR(r)} + frac{Theta"( heta)}{r^2Theta( heta)}=-lambda^2
we obtain, by multiplying both sides by r^2 and separating variables, that
: lambda^2r^2+frac{r^2R"(r)}{R(r)}+frac{rR'(r)}{R(r)}=L
and
: frac{Theta"( heta)}{Theta( heta)}=L,
for some constant L. Since Theta( heta) is periodic, with period 2pi, heta being an angular variable, it follows that
: Theta( heta)=Ccos m heta + D sin m heta,,
where m=0, 1, dots and C and D are some constants. This also implies L=m^2.
Going back to the equation for R(r), its solution is a linear combination of
Bessel function s J_m and Y_m. With a similar argument as in the previous section, we arrive at: R(r) = J_m(lambda_{mn}r),, m=0, 1, dots, n=1, 2, dots,
where lambda_{mn}=alpha_{mn}/a, with alpha_{mn} the n-th positive root of J_m.
We showed that all solutions in separated variables of the vibrating drum problem are of the form
: u_{mn}(r, heta, t) = left(Acos clambda_{mn} t + Bsin clambda_{mn} t ight)J_mleft(lambda_{mn} r ight)(Ccos m heta + D sin m heta)
for m=0, 1, dots, n=1, 2, dots
Animations of several vibration modes
A number of modes are shown below together with their quantum numbers. The analogous wave functions of the hydrogen atom are also indicated.
u_{01} (1s)
u_{02} (2s)
u_{03} (3s)
u_{11} (2p)
u_{12} (3p)
u_{13} (4p)
u_{21} (3d)
u_{22} (4d)
u_{23} (5d)
ee also
*
Hearing the shape of a drum
*Vibrating string References
*
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