Skinnand

infobox UK place
country = England
official_name= Skinnand
static_

static_image_caption=The field where Skinnand once stood
latitude= 53.110000000
longitude= -0.524000000
population = 0 (2001 Census)
region= East Midlands
shire_district= North Kesteven
shire_county= Lincolnshire
constituency_westminster=Sleaford and North Hykeham
post_town= LINCOLN
postcode_district = LN5
postcode_area= LN
dial_code= 01522
os_grid_reference= SK9457
london_distance=convert|111|mi|km| S

Skinnand is a deserted medieval village in Lincolnshire. [cite web|url=http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/472531|title=Farmland at Skinnand|accessdate=2008-05-30 |author=Geograph.org.uk|year=2006] Originally a small farming community situated convert|9|mi|km|0|lk=on south of Lincoln and convert|11.5|mi|km|0 northwest of Sleaford, it once boasted a church and several houses. It was hit hard, however, by the English Civil War of 1642-1646, when the church fell into ruins. Today only fields and one deserted farmhouse remain of the once thriving community.

History

Early history

Archaeological investigations in the area around Skinnand indicate the countryside was occupied from at least the Bronze Age, in about 600 BC.cite web|url=http://navenbyarchgp.org/Projects/|title=Navenby Archaeology Group, The Romans in Navenby|work=NAG Projects|accessdate=2008-03-30 |author=Navenby Archaeology Group|year=2007] The remains of Iron Age farms have been found at nearby Navenby, convert|2.5|mi|km|0|lk=on west of Skinnand, as well as Bronze Age and Roman remains.cite web|url=http://www.pastscape.org.uk/hob.aspx?hob_id=326101&search=all&criteria=navenby|title=Pastscape Monument number 326101|work=National Monuments Records|accessdate=2008-03-30 |author=English Heritage|year=2007] Skinnand was recorded as "Schinende" in the Domesday Book of 1086, a name thought to be of Anglo-Saxon origin. [cite web|url=http://www.digital-documents.co.uk/cgi-bin/get_placename.pl?element1=skinnand&element2=|title=Farmland Skinnand|accessdate=2008-05-30 |author=Archaeology UK|year=2007] Historians believe the original name may have come from the Old Scandanavian word "skinnari," which means "skinner or tanner."cite book |title=A Dictionary of English Place-Names |last=Mills |first=A.D. |year=1991 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0192800744 |pages= ]

Middle Ages

The ancient parish of Skinnand was recorded as the smallest village in the Deanery of Longoboby in 1332. It had the lowest tax assessment, a population of around 40 and was predominantly based around agriculture.cite web|url=http://www.oden.co.uk/skinnand/villhist.htm|title=About Skinnand Village|accessdate=2008-05-30 |author=David Merchant|year=2002] The population of Skinnand stayed stable for many generations but, by 1563, only three of the original ten households remained. This decrease in numbers has been attributed, by some historians, to a reduction in arable farming and a rise in sheep production.

Records show that the village of Skinnand had up to six houses before the English Civil War, most built as small single-storey stone dwellings with thatched roofs. Two, however, were much larger. One was owned by a John Chester, which boasted four domestic rooms with 'upper chambers,' and the other was the parsonage. The parsonage included a hall, two parlours, a kitchen, buttery, milkhouse, brewhouse and stable. It also had three upstairs rooms, as well as an orchard, garden, yard and dovecote. It is believed the parsonage was pulled down, however, during the Civil War and, by the time of the Hearth Tax returns of 1665, there were just three houses in Skinnand.

Details about the Norman-built Anglican church of Skinnand are sketchy, although it was reputedly dedicated to St Matthew and burned down by

19th century

Skinnand was a village of just 12 people in 1801, according to the Census returns. The population did rise slightly over the next 100 years, to 30 in 1901, but by 1921 numbers were once again decreasing and the figure stood at 25. Census returns also reveal that most of the village men worked on the land as unskilled labourers. [cite web|url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_theme_page.jsp?u_id=10450780&c_id=10001043&data_theme=T_SOC|title=Skinnand Through Time|accessdate=2008-05-30 |author=Vision of Britain|year=2007] The children of these poor labourers attended school at Wellingore, just south of Navenby, and at Carlton-le-Moorland and Bassingham - each village several miles walk away.

As a result of the 1834 Poor Law Amendment Act, the parish became part of the Lincoln Poor Law Union and, by the mid-19th century, Skinnand was a struggling parish in the Higher division of the wapentake of Boothby Graffoe. According to the Institute of Historical Research, it consisted of 636 acres, of which 40 were arable and the rest "old pasture and meadow." [cite web|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=51281#s6|title=British History Online|accessdate=2008-05-30 |author=Samuel Lewis|year=1848] The records add: "The living is a discharged rectory, valued in the King's books at £5. 13. 11½.; net income, £85; patron, S. Nicholls, Esq. The church is in ruins."

Just a few years later, in 1871, it was recorded that "just a few stones remain to mark the location" of the old church. In the same year, the Census showed that the parish now consisted of only three farms, all belonging to Mr S. Nicholls of London. Other surnames in the parish at that time included Clawson, Burt and Picker.

20th century

The 1911 Census shows that the population of Skinnand was once again in decline at the turn of the 20th century, with just 28 people living in the village. Most were tenant labourers as, by 1913, William Grant of Grimsby was the principal landowner. The village was occupied for just a few more years, however, before the final families moved out. Today, just a boarded up old farm house stands where the thriving community of Skinnand once was.

Governance

The parish of Skinnand was originally in the higher division of the ancient Boothby Graffoe wapentake, in the North Kesteven division of the county of Lincolnshire. The term "wapentake" dates back to the Vikings and was used to describe a collection of local parishes. It originally meant "show your weapon" and the idea behind the term was that all those in favour of a resolution would raise their sword or axe to show agreement.cite book |title=A Topographical Dictionary of England |last=Lewis|first=Samuel |year=1848 |publisher=S. Lewis and Co |isbn=0521428645 |pages=Page 366 367 368 ] cite book |title=The Place Names of Lincolnshire |last=Cameron|first=Kenneth |year=1991 |publisher=English Place-Name Society |isbn=0904889165 |pages=Page 69 ]

"The History of the County of Lincoln", a book written by Thomas Allen in 1834, states:cite book |title=The History of the County of Lincoln |last=Allen|first=Thomas |year=1834 |publisher=J. Saunders. jnr |pages=Page 79 ]

Skinnand was classed as an ancient parish from the 11th to the 19th century, as it came "under the jurisdiction of a clergyman" and existed before 1597.cite web|url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/relationships.jsp;jsessionid=09F4BFFFB9052F0D8AC457DF69C077AE?u_id=10444305|title=Relationships unit history of Navenby|accessdate=2008-03-13|author=Vision of Britain] cite web|url=http://www.worcesterbmsgh.co.uk/DEFINITIONSANDGUIDES.html|title=Worcester Branch of the Birmingham and Midland Society for Genealogy and Heraldry|accessdate=2008-03-13|author=Birmingham & Midland Society for Genealogy and Heraldry] Early records show that the Manor of Navenby and Skinnand was granted to the Dean and Chapter of Lincoln in 1292.cite book |title=The Lincolnshire Sokemen, The English Historical Review |last=Massingberd|first=W.O. |year=1905 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=pp 699-703 ] The money generated by land rent was used by Roger de Newton, the first incumbent of the chantry chapel at Harby, Nottinghamshire, to maintain the building. This followed the death of Queen Eleanor, wife of

The parish began to take on civil as well as ecclesiastical duties following the 16th-century Dissolution of the Monasteries and the Tudor Poor Law Acts of 1601.cite book |title=Discovering parish boundaries |last=Winchester|first=A |year=2000 |publisher=Princes Riseborough: Shire Publications Ltd |pages=Pages 5-20|isbn=0747804702] The ecclesiastical parish of Navenby was originally placed in the "Longoboby Rural Deanery",cite web|url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/descriptions/entry_page.jsp;jsessionid=AF07C8FD9179998E1E79A8BFAD33FAAF?text_id=738620&word=NULL|title=Descriptive Gazetteer entry for Lincoln|accessdate=2008-03-13|author=Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales (1870-72)] but was transferred to the "Graffoe Rural Deanery" in 1968, and it is still part of the "Diocese of Lincoln".cite book |title=Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England. (Volume 1: Northern England) |last=Youngs|first=Frederic |year=1991 |publisher=London: Royal Historical Society |pages=Pages 247 and 273|isbn=0861931270] cite book |title=Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England. (Volume 1: Northern England) |last=Youngs|first=Frederic |year=1991 |publisher=London: Royal Historical Society |pages=Pages 246, 272|isbn=0861931270] Navenby officially became a civil parish in the 19th century and became a member of the "Lincoln Poor Law Union" in 1834. The parish was also part of the "Lincoln Rural Sanitary District".cite book |title=Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England. (Volume 1: Northern England) |last=Youngs|first=Frederic |year=1991 |publisher=London: Royal Historical Society |pages=Pages 247, 273 and 278|isbn=0861931270] cite web|url=http://64.233.183.104/search?q=cache:sdvo33XUT1UJ:www.visionofbritain.org.uk/relationships.jsp%3Bjsessionid%3D4AF6D9ADFC2ABED38DB8241C1EB374DF%3Fu_id%3D10450780+navenby%2Bcivil+parish&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=21&gl=uk|title=Relationships unit history of Navenby|accessdate=2008-03-13|author=Vision of Britain] The Skinnand civil parish boundaries were adjusted in 1931, to include the civil parish of nearby Navenby.cite book |title=Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England. (Volume 1: Northern England) |last=Youngs|first=Frederic |year=1991 |publisher=London: Royal Historical Society |pages=Page 273 |isbn=0861931270]

Following the Local Government Act 1888, Skinnand was governed by Branston Rural District Council from 1894–1931. The village then came under the control of North Kesteven Rural District Council from 1931–1974, after the Local Government Act 1972 reformed the districts of Holland, Kesteven and much of Lindsey into the shire county of Lincolnshire.cite web|url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/relationships.jsp?u_id=10041806|title=Relationships, unit history of parts of Holland|accessdate=2008-03-13|author=Vision of Britain|date=2008] Today Skinnand remains part of the North Kesteven district.cite web|url=http://microsites.lincolnshire.gov.uk/upload/public/attachments/588/WebsiteMN.pdf|format=PDF|title=Parishes: Administrative Information Mablethorpe to Nun Ormsby|accessdate=2008-03-13|author=Lincolnshire County Council|date=2008]

Before the 1832 Reform Act, Lincolnshire sent twelve members to parliament, including two for the county, two for the city of Lincoln and two for the boroughs of Boston, Grantham, Great Grimsby and Stamford. As a result of the act, Lincolnshire's electoral divisions were amended, cite book |title=The Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General |last=Spencer Baynes|first=Thomas |year=1888 |publisher=H.G. Allen |pages=Page 665 ] and Skinnand became part of the South Division Parliamentary District for Lincolnshire. Two Whig candidates, Henry Handley and Gilbert John Heathcote, were returned in the first election. The village remained in the South Division until 1867, when it was transferred to the Mid Division. In 1885 it joined the North Kesteven Division, and in 1918 it became part of the Grantham Division, until 1974.

Geography

The civil parish of Skinnand lies close to the old Roman Ermine Street, known locally as High Dyke. The road runs between the neighbouring villages of Boothby Graffoe, Navenby and Wellingore and covers more than convert|2100|acre|km2. [cite web|url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_theme_page.jsp?u_id=10444305&data_theme=T_POP|title=Navenby through time|accessdate=2008-03-30 |author=Great Britain Historical GIS Project |work=A Vision of Britain Through Time |date=2007] The Viking Way, a 147-mile (237 km) footpath between the Humber Bridge in North Lincolnshire and Oakham in Rutland, also passes through the parish.cite news|url=http://www.horncastlenews.co.uk/walk-of-the-month/Cliffedge-villages-offer-a-dramatic.1894176.jp|title=Cliff-edge villages offer a dramatic and historic setting|accessdate=2008-03-30|work=Horncastle News |publisher=Johnston Press Digital Publishing |date=2006-11-23]

Skinnand is located at coor dms|53|11|31|N|2|26|35|W|city and is situated just below the ridge of Jurassic limestone called the Lincoln Edge or Lincoln Cliff. The small cliff is one of only a few hills in Lincolnshire. [cite web|url=http://www.cliffvillageslincolnu3a.org.uk|title=Why Cliff Villages?|author=Cliff Villages (Lincoln) U3A|accessdate=2008-03-30 |year=2006] Lying 8.7 miles (14 km) south of Lincoln and 8.9 miles (14.3 km) north-northwest of Sleaford, Skinnand enjoys warm summers and dry frosty winters.

During the Ice Age, most of the region surrounding Skinnand was covered by ice sheets and this has influenced the topography and nature of the soils. [cite web|url=http://64.233.183.104/search?q=cache:6AkqnN-CzZ4J:www.english-nature.org.uk/special/geological/sites/area_ID22.asp+ice+age%2Blincolnshire&hl=en&gl=uk&strip=0|title=Lincolnshire (including North and North East Lincolnshire)|work=England's Geology|accessdate=2008-03-30 |author=Natural England] Much of Lincolnshire is low-lying, in some places below sea level, including Skinnand.cite web|url=http://www.bench-marks.org.uk/bm1818|title=Flush Bracket 2094: Navenby|accessdate=2008-03-30 |author=Bench Mark Database |date=2005-04-16] [cite book|title=Countryside Character|volume=3: Yorkshire and the Humber| year=1998| isbn=0861704975| author=Countryside Commission| chapter=Northern Lincolnshire Edge with Coversands/Southern Lincolnshire Edge| chapterurl=http://www.countryside.gov.uk/Images/JCA45+47_tcm2-21144.pdf|format=PDF| accessdate=2008-03-30] The parish of Skinnand and Navenby is elongated in an east–west direction, extending east to the Lincoln Heath and west to the River Brant. [Burnham, Barry C. (2001) "Roman Britain in 2001". ISBN 0520073037] The size of the parish has varied over the past two centuries. In 1821 it covered convert|2110|acre|km2; in 1951 it was convert|3345|acre|km2.

geocompass
hub = Skinnand
type= ex
NN = Boothby Graffoe, Coleby, Harmston, Waddington, Bracebridge Heath, Lincoln
NE = Blankney, Metheringham, Branston
EE = Navenby, Scopwick, Coningsby, Woodhall Spa, Tattershall
SE = Digby, Ashby de la Launde, Ruskington
SS = Wellingore, Temple Bruer, Grantham
SW = Brant Broughton, Welbourn, Leadenham
WW = Bassingham, Norton Disney, Newark-on-Trent
NW = Haddington, North Hykeham, Aubourn, Saxilby

Climate

According to the Köppen classification, the British Isles experience a maritime climate characterised by relatively cool summers and mild winters. Compared with other parts of the country, Lincolnshire – and Skinnand – are slightly warmer and sunnier in the summer and colder and frostier in the winter. Owing to Skinnand's inland position, far from the landfall of most Atlantic depressions, it is one of the driest places to live in the UK, receiving, on average, less than 3 ft (600 mm) of rain per year.cite web|url=http://www.lincolnshire.gov.uk/section.asp?docId=27136|title=Lincolnshire County Council, Climate and Weather|accessdate=2008-02-24 |author=Lincolnshire County Council website|date=2008] The mean annual daily duration of bright sunshine is four hours and 12 minutes; the absence of any high ground is probably responsible for the area being one of the sunniest parts of the British Isles.cite web|url=http://weather.uk.msn.com/local.aspx?wealocations=wc:UKXX1087|title=Local Weather Forecast Lincoln, England|accessdate=2008-02-24 |author=MSN website]

Infobox weather
location = Skinnand
Jan_Hi_°F = 43
Feb_Hi_°F = 44
Mar_Hi_°F = 49
Apr_Hi_°F = 54
May_Hi_°F = 60
Jun_Hi_°F = 65
Jul_Hi_°F = 70
Aug_Hi_°F = 70
Sep_Hi_°F = 64
Oct_Hi_°F = 57
Nov_Hi_°F = 48
Dec_Hi_°F = 44
Year_Hi_°F = 56
Jan_Lo_°F = 35
Feb_Lo_°F = 35
Mar_Lo_°F = 38
Apr_Lo_°F = 40
May_Lo_°F = 45
Jun_Lo_°F = 50
Jul_Lo_°F = 54
Aug_Lo_°F = 54
Sep_Lo_°F = 51
Oct_Lo_°F = 46
Nov_Lo_°F = 40
Dec_Lo_°F = 37
Year_Lo_°F = 42
Jan_Precip_inch = 1.45
Feb_Precip_inch = 1.08
Mar_Precip_inch = 1.04
Apr_Precip_inch = 1.46
May_Precip_inch = 1.13
Jun_Precip_inch = 1.51
Jul_Precip_inch = 1.7
Aug_Precip_inch = 1.45
Sep_Precip_inch = 1.61
Oct_Precip_inch = 1.83
Nov_Precip_inch = 1.51
Dec_Precip_inch = 1.38
Year_Precip_inch = 21
source = MSN
accessdate =

References

External links

* [http://www.theclergydatabase.org.uk/cce/apps/locations/DisplayLocation.jsp?locKey=8450 Rectors of Skinnand, and other clerical appointments 1749–1822] as recorded in the Clergy of the Church of England Database. Retrieved 2008-06-02.