Carboplatin

Carboplatin
Carboplatin
Systematic (IUPAC) name
cis-diammine(cyclobutane-1,1-dicarboxylate-O,O')platinum(II)
Clinical data
Trade names Paraplatin
AHFS/Drugs.com monograph
MedlinePlus a695017
Pregnancy cat. D(US)
Legal status Rx Only
Routes Intravenous
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability complete
Protein binding Very low
Half-life 1.1-2 hours
Excretion hepatic
Identifiers
CAS number 41575-94-4 YesY
ATC code L01XA02
PubChem CID 498142
DrugBank APRD00466
ChemSpider 8514637 YesY
UNII BG3F62OND5 YesY
KEGG D01363 YesY
ChEBI CHEBI:31355 YesY
ChEMBL CHEMBL288376 N
Chemical data
Formula C6H12N2O4Pt 
Mol. mass 371.249 g/mol
SMILES eMolecules & PubChem
 N(what is this?)  (verify)

Carboplatin, or cis-Diammine(1,1-cyclobutanedicarboxylato)platinum(II) (trade names Paraplatin and Paraplatin-AQ) is a chemotherapy drug used against some forms of cancer (mainly ovarian carcinoma, lung, head and neck cancers).[1] It was introduced in the late 1980s and has since gained popularity in clinical treatment due to its vastly reduced side-effects compared to its parent compound cisplatin. Cisplatin and carboplatin, as well as oxaliplatin, interact with DNA, akin to the mechanism of alkylating agents.

Contents

History

Carboplatin was discovered and developed at the Institute of Cancer Research in London. Bristol-Myers Squibb gained Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for carboplatin, under the brand name Paraplatin, in March 1989. Starting in October 2004, generic versions of the drug became available.

Pharmacology

Chemistry

In terms of its structure, carboplatin differs from cisplatin in that it has a bidentate dicarboxylate (CBDCA) ligand in place of the two chloride ligand, which are the leaving groups in cisplatin. It exhibits lower reactivity and slower DNA binding kinetics, although it forms the same reaction products in vitro at equivalent doses with cisplatin. Unlike cisplatin, carboplatin may be susceptible to alternative mechanisms. Some results show that cisplatin and carboplatin cause different morphological changes in MCF-7 cell lines while exerting their cytotoxic behaviour. The diminished reactivity limits protein-carboplatin complexes, which are excreted. The lower excretion rate of carboplatin means that more is retained in the body, and hence its effects are longer lasting (a retention half-life of 30 hours for carboplatin, compared to 1.5-3.6 hours in the case of cisplatin).

Mode of action

Two theories exist to explain the molecular mechanism of action of carboplatin with DNA:

  • Aquation, or the like-cisplatin hypothesis.
  • Activation, or the unlike-cisplatin hypothesis.

The former is more accepted owing to the similarity of the leaving groups with its predecessor cisplatin, while the latter hypothesis envisages a biological activation mechanism to release the active Pt2+ species.

Side-effects

Relative to cisplatin, the greatest benefit of carboplatin is its reduced side effects, particularly the elimination of nephrotoxic effects. Nausea and vomiting are less severe and more easily controlled.

The main drawback of carboplatin is its myelosuppressive effect. This causes the blood cell and platelet output of bone marrow in the body to decrease quite dramatically, sometimes as low as 10% of its usual production levels. The nadir of this myelosuppression usually occurs 21–28 days after the first treatment, after which the blood cell and platelet levels in the blood begin to stabilize, often coming close to its pre-carboplatin levels. This decrease in white blood cells (neutropenia) can cause complications, and is sometimes treated with drugs like filgrastim. The most notable complication of neutropenia is increased probability of infection by opportunistic organisms, which necessitates readmission to hospital and treatment with antibiotics.

Carboplatin is less potent than cisplatin; depending on the strain of cancer, carboplatin may only be 1/8 to 1/45 as effective. The clinical standard of dosage of carboplatin is usually a 4:1 ratio compared to cisplatin; that is, for a dose that usually requires a particular dose of cisplatin, four times more carboplatin is needed to achieve the same effectiveness. The stable property of carboplatin is a mixed blessing: once uptake of the drug occurs, its retention half-life is considerably longer than cisplatin, but it is also this inertness that causes carboplatin to go right through the human body, and up to 90% of the carboplatin given can be recovered in urine.

The effectiveness of carboplatin can be increased by first incubating carboplatin in a sodium chloride (NaCl) solution. After 24 hours, an analysis is performed on the solution by separating the compounds by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The TLC isolates cisplatin, carboplatin, and several platinum by-products in the solution. Numerous trials have shown a trend that the survival rate of E. coli dropped dramatically as the molarity of the NaCl incubating solution increased. The treated E. coli also showed decreased amounts of alkaline phosphatase, a protein indicator of cellular size. This suggests that as this incubated carboplatin solution is administered to cells, they began to shrink and eventually die; apparently by the same mechanism that cisplatin works.

GemCarbo chemotherapy for lung cancer

GemCarbo chemotherapy (consisting of gemcitabine, also known as Gemzar, and carboplatin) is used to treat several different types of cancer, but is most commonly used to treat lung cancer.[2] GemCarbo chemotherapy is usually conducted as a day patient treatment, involving a blood test the day before. The drugs are administered by infusion. The GemCarbo regimen is given as a 21-day cycle. On the first day of treatment the patient is given both the gemcitabine and carboplatin. On the same day of the following week (day eight) there is a drip of gemcitabine only. There then follows a rest period of two weeks which completes one cycle of chemotherapy. The next cycle of treatment is given after a rest period, ends three weeks after the first injection. Usually 4–6 cycles of treatment are given over a period of 3–4 months to complete a full course of treatment. This treatment may prevent the further spread of the cancer or in some cases may reduce the size of the tumor between 20%-80%, depending upon the individual.

Current events

A recent study in mutant mice suggests that in the subset of women with breast cancer due to BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes (these cause a variety of familial breast cancer) carboplatin may be as much as 20 times more effective than the usual breast cancer treatments.[3] However, similar data in humans has not yet been shown.

Carboplatin has also been used to treat testicular cancer patients with stage 1 seminoma. Recent research indicates that this treatment is more effective and has fewer side effects than adjuvant radiotherapy.[4][5][6] It is as effective as radiotherapy at preventing development of seminoma in the remaining testicle.[7]

References

Additional references

External links


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