Rayadillo

Rayadillo is a blue and white striped cotton fabric used to make the military uniforms worn by Spanish colonial soldiers before and during the Spanish-American War. [cite web | last =Combs | first =William K. | title =¡Rayadillo!:The Spanish Colonial Uniform Research Project | url=http://www.agmohio.com/losrayadillos.htm | accessdate = 2008-05-18] The term "rayadillo" is Spanish, which translates to "striped material". In the mid-19th century, this material was referred to as being of "hilo listado azure", or "blue striped thread". It was known as "dril azul rayado" or "blue striped drill" by the end of the century. Early examples of the fabric seemed to have had light blue stripes which were widely separated, while surviving examples of uniform jackets and trousers from the 1890s have thinner stripes of a darker blue, known during that period as "mil rayas" – literally, "a thousand stripes". Seen from a distance, "rayadillo" looked either very light blue or blue-gray.cite web | last =Field | first =Ron | title =Spanish troops in the Philippines, 1896-98 | url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3905/is_199807/ai_n8805876 | accessdate = 2008-05-18]

The origin of the uniform is the standard Spanish Army fatigues of the era, far more practical and easy to clean or replace than the regular army blue cloth uniforms. The first known examples are the smocks issued to the Spanish expeditionary force sent to Mexico against Benito Juárez in the 1860's.Fact|date=July 2007

The Revolutionary Army of the First Philippine Republic under Emilio Aguinaldo also employed the same fabric in their military uniforms during the later years of the Philippine Revolution and the Philippine-American War.cite web | last =Combs | first =William K. | title =Filipino Rayadillo Norfolk-pattern Tunic | url=http://www.agmohio.com/LRNorfolkRayadillo.htm | accessdate = 2008-05-18] In 2005, Gen. Cardozo M. Luna, Commandant of the Philippine Military Academy ordered the revival of the "rayadillo" material in the cadets' dress uniform, discarding the United States Military Academy-inspired dress uniform long used in the PMA. [cite news | last =Dumlao | first =Artemio | title =PMA Goes Retro, Sheds Old West Point-inspired Uniform | pages = | publisher =The Philippine Star | date = 2004-10-24 | url =http://www.newsflash.org/2004/02/ht/ht004754.htm | accessdate = 2008-05-18]

"Rayadillo" military uniforms

Military uniforms made out of the "rayadillo" material were of a number of patterns:

Viceroyalty of New Spain

"Guerrera"

The "guerrera", or campaign jacket worn with the "rayadillo" uniform was made of deep blue flannel and had two breast pockets with flaps. It was fastened by a single row of seven metal buttons. The jacket was patterned on the tunic officially prescribed for general wear by the infantry of the Spanish Peninsular Army on August 18, 1886. The "guerrera" was worn by Spanish troops stationed in the Philippines, Cuba and Puerto Rico. The Philippine-issue "rayadillo" patterned "guerrera" was distinguishable from those issued in Cuba and Puerto Rico by a standing collar and concealed button fly front. A single hook and eye is found at the bottom of the collar opening. This uniform was issued in 1891 until 1898. [cite web | last =Combs | first =William K. | title =Philippines Issue Pattern Rayadillo Tunic "Guerrera" | url=http://www.agmohio.com/LRPhilippinesguerreraRayadillo.htm | accessdate = 2008-05-18]

"Guayabera"

The "guayabera" was patterned on a traditional Cuban work jacket. The tunic features pleats down the front and center back and four large cargo pockets on the skirt. It may or may not have a concealed button fly front. Bone is the preferred material for buttons; those on the shoulder strap and pockets are sometimes covered in "rayadillo" fabric. A thin white cotton lining is found in the interior shoulder area. Evidence culled from period photographs indicate these uniforms being issued about 1896 until 1898. [cite web | last =Combs | first =William K. | title =Rayadillo Guayabera | url=http://www.agmohio.com/LRGuayaberaRayadillo.htm | accessdate = 2008-05-19]

First Philippine Republic

The Filipino "rayadillo" military tunic was instituted by what would eventually become the First Philippine Republic during the Tejeros Convention. [cite web | last = | first = | title =Philippine Military Academy Official Website: Academy News | url=http://www.pma.ph/fort/news.htm | accessdate = 2008-05-19] It had two broad bands of matching fabric spanning the frontal area from the shoulders down to the hem. These concealed horizontal breast pockets which had vertical pocket flaps with buttons of either brass or covered with "rayadillo" fabric. The brass buttons were either unadorned or decorated with a "mythological sun" motif. Officers' tunics had slits in the skirt's side that allowed a hand gun holster and a sword to be attached to a belt worn under the tunic. Infantry officers wore blue pants with a black stripe down the side, while Cavalry officers wore red trousers with black stripes. [cite web | last = | first = | title =Uniformology I | url=http://falangefilipinas.4t.com/photo2.html | accessdate = 2008-05-20]

Filipino artist Juan Luna is credited with this design. [cite book | last = Alejandrino | first =Jose | authorlink = | title =The Price of Freedom | publisher = | date =1949 | pages = | doi = | isbn = ] [cite news | last =Opiña | first =Rimaliza | title =Military academy sheds West Point look | pages = | publisher =Sun.Star Baguio | date = 2004-11-14 | url =http://www.sunstar.com.ph/static/bag/2004/11/14/news/military.academy.sheds.west.point.look.html | accessdate = 2008-05-19] His brother, General Antonio Luna commissioned him with the task. [cite book | last =Jose | first =Vivencio R. | authorlink = | title =The Rise and Fall of Antonio Luna | publisher =Solar Publishing | date =1986 | pages =106 | doi = | isbn = ] Juan Luna also designed the collar insignia for the uniforms, distinguishing between the services; Infantry, Cavalry, Artillery, Sappers and Medics. [cite web | last = | first = | title =Uniformology II | url=http://falangefilipinas.4t.com/photo5.html | accessdate = 2008-05-20] At least one researcher has postulated that Juan Luna may have patterned the tunic after the English Norfolk jacket, since the Filipino version is not a copy of any Spanish-pattern uniform. That Emilio Aguinaldo and his comrades, during their exile in Hong Kong, had uniforms made of "rayadillo" in this popular sporting pattern is another probable origin.

ee also

*Drill (fabric)
*Serge
*Burlap
*Twill

External links

* [http://www.agmohio.com/LRNorfolkRayadillo.htm Images of Filipino Republican Army "rayadillo" tunics]

References