Aethiopis

The Aethiopis or Aithiopis (Greek: polytonic|Αἰθιοπίς, "Aithiopis"; _la. Aethiopis) is a lost epic of ancient Greek literature. It was one of the Epic Cycle, that is, the "Trojan" cycle, which told the entire history of the Trojan War in epic verse. The story of the "Aethiopis" comes chronologically immediately after that of the Homeric "Iliad", and is followed by that of the "Little Iliad". The "Aethiopis" was sometimes attributed by ancient writers to Arctinus of Miletus (see Cyclic poets). The poem comprised five books of verse in dactylic hexameter.

Date

The "Aethiopis" was probably composed in the seventh century BC, but there is much uncertainty. Ancient sources date Arctinus to the eighth century; but the earliest artistic representations of one of the most important characters, Penthesilea, date to about 600 BC, suggesting a much later date.

Content

In current critical editions only five lines survive of the "Aethiopis"' original text. We are almost entirely dependent on a summary of the Cyclic epics contained in the "Chrestomathy" attributed to an unknown "Proclus" (possibly to be identified with the 2nd-century AD grammarian Eutychius Proclus). Fewer than ten other references give indications of the poem's storyline.

The poem opens, shortly after the death of the Trojan hero Hector, with the arrival of the Amazon warrior Penthesileia who has come to support the Trojans. She has a moment of glory in battle, but Achilles kills her. The Greek warrior Thersites later taunts Achilles, claiming that he had been in love with her, and Achilles kills him too. Achilles is ritually purified for the murder of Thersites.

Next another Trojan ally arrives, Memnon, son of Eos and Tithonus, leading an Ethiopian contingent and wearing armour made by the god Hephaestus. In battle Memnon kills Antilochus, a Greek warrior who was the son of Nestor and a great favourite of Achilles. Achilles then kills Memnon, and Zeus makes Memnon immortal at Eos' request. But in his rage Achilles pursues the Trojans into the very gates of Troy, and in the Scaean Gates he is killed by an arrow shot by Paris, assisted by the god Apollo. Achilles' body is rescued by Ajax and Odysseus.

The Greeks hold a funeral for Antilochus. Achilles' mother, the sea nymph Thetis, comes with her sisters and the Muses to lament over Achilles' body. Funeral games are held in honour of Achilles, at which Achilles' arms are offered as a prize for the greatest hero; and there develops a dispute over them between Ajax and Odysseus. There the "Aethiopis" ends; it is uncertain whether the judgment of Achilles' arms, and subsequent suicide of Ajax, were told in the "Aethiopis", in the next epic in the Cycle, the "Little Iliad", or in both.

Importance of the poem

Events told in the story of the "Aethiopis" were popular among ancient Greek vase painters. Especially popular scenes are the death of Penthesilea, and Ajax's retrieval of Achilles' corpse.

Despite being poorly attested, the "Aethiopis" is frequently cited in modern scholarship on the Homeric "Iliad". [See e.g. G. Schoeck 1961, "Ilias und Aithiopis: kyklische Motive in homerischer Brechung" (Zurich); J. Burgess 1997, "Beyond Neo-analysis: problems with the vengeance theory", "American Journal of Philology" 118.1: 1-17; M.L. West 2003, "Iliad" and "Aithiopis", "Classical Quarterly" 53.1: 1-14.] It is one of the most important paradigms used in Neoanalytic scholarship on Homer because of strong similarities between its story of Achilles, Antilochus, and Memnon, and the Iliadic story of Achilles, Patroclus, and Hector; the claim that such a similarity exists is known as the "Memnon theory". [See especially W. Schadewaldt 1965, "Von Homers Welt und Werk" (4th ed.; orig. publ. 1944; Stuttgart).]

Editions

* Online editions (English translation):
** [http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/OMACL/Hesiod/aethiop.html Fragments of the "Aethiopis"] translated by H.G. Evelyn-White, 1914 (public domain)
** [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/348 Fragments of complete Epic Cycle] translated by H.G. Evelyn-White, 1914; Project Gutenberg edition
** [http://www.stoa.org/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Stoa:text:2003.01.0004 Proclus' summary of the Epic Cycle] translated by Gregory Nagy
* Print editions (Greek):
** A. Bernabé 1987, "Poetarum epicorum Graecorum testimonia et fragmenta" pt. 1 (Leipzig: Teubner)
** M. Davies 1988, "Epicorum Graecorum fragmenta" (Göttingen: Vandenhoek & Ruprecht)
* Print editions (Greek with English translation):
** M.L. West 2003, "Greek Epic Fragments" (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press)

References