Ruby Falls

Ruby Falls is an 145-foot high underground waterfall located within Lookout Mountain, near Rock City and Chattanooga, Tennessee in the United States.

Geology

The cave which houses Ruby Falls was formed with the formation of Lookout Mountain. About 200 to 240 million years ago (in the Carboniferous period, at the end of the Paleozoic era) the eastern Tennessee area was covered with a shallow sea, the sediments of which eventually formed limestone rock. [ [http://www.rubyfallsrocks.com/teachers/resource_guide/geology.html Ruby Falls Geology, Ruby Falls Rocks] , accessed 11 June 2006] About 200 million years ago, this area was uplifted and subsequent erosion has created the current topography. The limestone in which the cave is formed is still relatively horizontal, just as it was deposited when it was below sea level. The Lookout Mountain Caverns, which includes Ruby Falls Cave, is a limestone cave. These caves occur when slightly acidic groundwater enters subterranean streams and eats away at the relatively soft limestone, causing narrow cracks to widen into passages and caves in a process called chemical weathering. The stream which makes up the Falls entered the cave sometime after its formation.

Ruby Falls Cave features many of the more well-known types of cave formations (or speleothems) including stalactites and stalagmites, columns, drapery, and flowstone. [cite web|url=http://www.rubyfalls.com/geology.htm|title=Ruby Falls of Chattanooga, Geology|accessdate=2006-06-11]

The Falls are located at the end of the main passage of Ruby Falls Cave, in a large vertical shaft. The stream, 1120 feet underground, is fed both by rainwater and natural springs. It collects in a pool in the cave floor and then continues through the mountain until finally joining the Tennessee River at the base of Lookout Mountain. [ [http://www.rubyfalls.com/docs/Ruby%20Falls%20Geology.txt Geology of Ruby Falls. Jane Derthick and Hu Longmire. Press Release.] , accessed 11 June 2006]

While Ruby Falls Cave combines with Lookout Mountain Cave to form the Lookout Mountain Caverns, the two caves were not actually connected by any passage. Ruby Falls Cave is the upper of the two and contains a variety of geological formations and curiosities which Lookout Mountain Cave does not have. [ [http://www.rubyfallsrocks.com/teachers/resource_guide/geology.html Ruby Falls Geology, Ruby Falls Rocks] , accessed 11 June 2006]

History

Ruby Falls Cave, unlike Lookout Mountain Cave, had no natural openings and was not able to be entered until the 20th Century; it therefore does not have the various artifacts which are often associated with caves in the southeastern United States. In 1905 the natural entrance to Lookout Mountain Cave was closed during the construction of a railway tunnel. In the 1920s a chemist and cave enthusiast named Leo Lambert thought that he could re-open the cave as a tourist attraction, and formed a company to do so. He planned to make an opening further up the mountain than the original opening and transport tourists to the cave via an elevator. For this purpose, his company purchased land on the side of Lookout Mountain above Lookout Mountain Cave and in 1928 began to drill through the limestone. In doing so, they discovered a small passageway about 18 inches high and four feet wide. Exploring this opening, Lambert discovered the formerly hidden Ruby Falls Cave and its waterfall. [ [http://www.rubyfallsrocks.com/teachers/resource_guide/geology.html Ruby Falls Geology, Ruby Falls Rocks] , accessed 11 June 2006] On his next trip to visit the cave, Lambert took his wife Ruby, and told her that he would name the falls after her. [ [http://www.rubyfalls.com/docs/Ruby%20Falls%20History.txt Ruby Falls History. Jane Derthick and Hu Longmire. Press Release.] , accessed 11 June 2006]

In April, 2007, the National Speleological Society (NSS) published the book "Caves of Chattanooga". The NSS is the largest group of organized cave explorers and cave scientists in the United States. Chapter 3, titled "Ruby Falls Cave", covers the complete history of Ruby Falls Cave from its discovery in 1928 through the present time (2007). This chapter starts on page 49 and continues through page 64 and contains twenty-three (23) illustrations. The book was written by Larry E. Matthews and is available from the NSS Bookstore online at: http://nssbookstore.org/

Chapter 1 of this same book is titled "Lookout Mountain Cave". This is the cave Leo Lambert was drilling for when he accidentally discovered Ruby Falls Cave. The chapter on Lookout Mountain Cave, on pages 13-29, is also pertinent to the history of Ruby Falls Cave.

Tourism and Advertising

Lambert decided to open both caves to the public, although Lookout Mountain Cave was closed in 1935 since it was not very popular with tourists, who were much more impressed with the upper cave. Public tours began in 1930. Electric lights were installed in the cave, making it one of the first commercial caves to be so outfitted. [ [http://www.rubyfalls.com/history3.htm Ruby Falls of Chattanooga, History.] , accessed 11 June 2006] Motorists travelling on I-75 in the 70's were subjected to dozens - maybe hundreds - of billboards along their route with the words "VISIT RUBY FALLS" beginning hundreds of miles north and south of the falls itself. Ruby Falls remains a staple of Chattanooga tourism, operating daily. Ruby Falls is owned by the Steiner family of Chattanooga, Tennessee.

Ruby Falls and the larger Lookout Mountain Caverns complex have been designated a National Historic Landmark. It is often associated with the nearby Rock City attraction, which lies atop Lookout Mountain.

Popular culture references

An all-female American indie rock band called Ruby Falls was active during the 1990s. Based in New York City, the group was founded in 1992 and disbanded in 2000.

"Ruby Falls" is also the title of a song by the indie rock band Guster, which appears on their 2006 album "Ganging Up on the Sun".

Johnny Cash once recorded "See Ruby Fall", a play on words of Ruby Falls.

The hard rock band Mastodon filmed the performance footage of the music video for their song "Colony of Birchmen" from the album "Blood Mountain" inside Ruby Falls. The waterfall itself can be seen in the background.

Ray Stevens's current single, available as a digital download only, is entitled "Ruby Falls".

Notes

External links

* [http://www.rubyfalls.com/ Ruby Falls Official Website]
* [http://www.rubyfallsrocks.com/ Ruby Falls Educational Site]
* [http://www.lookoutmountaintn.org/ City of Lookout Mountain, TN]
* [http://www.damonledet.com/photos/rubyfallsandrockcity/ Ruby Falls Photos]