Carl Hewitt

Carl E. Hewitt is Associate Professor Emeritus in the Electrical Engineering and Computer Science department at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). [ [http://www.eecs.mit.edu/faculty/index.html "EECS Department Faculty"] , MIT, accessed November 12, 2007.]

Hewitt is known for his design of Planner,Carl Hewitt. [https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/6171 "PLANNER: A Language for Proving Theorems in Robots"] IJCAI. 1969.] which was the first programming language based on procedural plans that were invoked using pattern-directed invocation from assertions and goals. He is also known for his work on the Actor model of concurrent computation, [cite book|last=Filman|first=Robert|coauthors=Daniel Friedman|title=Coordinated Computing - Tools and Techniques for Distributed Software|year=1984|publisher=McGraw-Hill|id=ISBN 0-07-022439-0|url=http://ic.arc.nasa.gov/people/filman/text/dpl/dpl.html|chapter=Actors|pages= pp. 145|quote=Carl Hewitt and his colleagues at M.I.T. are developing the Actor model.] which influenced the development of the Scheme programming language [cite journal|last=Krishnamurthi|first=Shriram|title= An Introduction to Scheme|journal=Crossroads|volume =1|issue=2|date=December 1994|url=http://www.acm.org/crossroads/xrds1-2/scheme.html] and the π calculus, [cite journal|last=Milner|first=Robin|authorlink=Robin Milner |title=ACM Turing Award Lecture: The Elements of Interaction|url=http://fresh.homeunix.net/~luke/misc/papers/milner-interaction.pdf|journal=Communications of the ACM|volume=36|issue = 1|date=January 1993] and served as an inspiration for several other programming languages.cite paper| author = Mark S. Miller | title = Robust Composition - Towards a Unified Approach to Access Control and Concurrency Control | version = PhD dissertation| url = http://www.cypherpunks.to/erights/talks/thesis/submitted/markm-thesis.pdf | format=PDF
publisher = Johns Hopkins University | date = 2006 | accessdate = 2007-05-26] His publications also include contributions in the areas of open information systems,cite paper|author=Carl Hewitt|title=Offices Are Open Systems|publisher=ACM Trans. Inf. Syst. 4(3): 271-287|date=1986] multi-agent systems, [cite book|author=Jacques Ferber|title=Multi-Agent Systems: An Introduction to Distributed Artificial Intelligence|publisher=Addison-Wesley|date=1999]
logic programming, [ citation |first=Carl|last=Hewitt|url=http://hewitt-seminars.blogspot.com/2008/05/development-of-logic-programming-what.html |chapter=Development of Logic Programming: What went wrong, What was done about it, and What it might mean for the future|publisher=AAAI Press|year=2008|title=What Went Wrong and Why: Lessons from AI Research and Applications|editor-first=Mehmet|editor-last=Goker|editor2-first=Daniel|editor2-last=Shapiro] ,
paraconsistent logiccitation |first=Carl|last=Hewitt|url=http://hewitt-seminars.blogspot.com/2008/03/large-scale-organizational-computing.html |chapter = Large-scale Organizational Computing requires Unstratified Reflection and Strong Paraconsistency|publisher=Springer-Verlag|year=2008|title=Coordination, Organizations, Institutions, and Norms in Agent Systems III|editor-first=Jaime|editor-last=Sichman|editor2-first=Pablo|editor2-last=Noriega|editor3-first=Julian|editor3-last=Padget|editor4-first=Sascha|editor4-last=Ossowski] , cloud computing [cite journal|author=Carl Hewitt|title=ORGs for Scalable, Robust, Privacy-Friendly Client Cloud Computing|journal=IEEE Internet Computing|volume=12|issue=5|date=September/October 2008 ] . Hewitt's Erdős number is 3 (by two different co-authors).

Education

Hewitt obtained his PhD in mathematics at MIT in 1971, under the supervision of Seymour Papert, Marvin Minsky, and Mike Paterson.

Work on Planner

The Planner language was developed as part of Hewitt's doctoral research in MIT's Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. Hewitt's work on Planner introduced the notion of the "procedural embedding of knowledge", [Carl Hewitt. "Procedural Embedding of Knowledge In Planner" IJCAI. 1971.] which was an alternative to the logical approach to knowledge encoding for artificial intelligence pioneered by John McCarthy. [Philippe Rouchy, [http://www.teamethno-online.org.uk/Issue2/Rouchy.pdf Aspects of PROLOG History: Logic Programming and Professional Dynamics] , TeamEthno-Online Issue 2, June 2006, 85-100.] A subset of Planner called Micro Planner was implemented by Gerry Sussman, Eugene Charniak and Terry Winograd. [Gerry Sussman and Terry Winograd. [http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/5833 Micro-planner Reference Manual] AI Memo No, 203, MIT Project MAC, July 1970.] It was used in Winograd's famous SHRDLU program, [Terry Winograd. [http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/7095 Procedures as a Representation for Data in a Computer Program for Understanding Natural Language] MIT AI TR-235. January 1971.] Charniak's natural language story understanding work, [Marvin Minsky and Seymour Papert. “Progress Report on Artificial Intelligence” MIT AI Memo 252. 1971.] and L. Thorne McCarty's work on legal reasoning. [L. Thorne McCarty. "Reflections on TAXMAN: An Experiment on Artificial Intelligence and Legal Reasoning" Harvard Law Review. Vol. 90, No. 5, March 1977]

Work on the Actor model

The Actor model was the original inspiration for Sussman and Steele's work on the Scheme programming language, [ Gerald Sussman and Guy Steele [ftp://publications.ai.mit.edu/ai-publications/pdf/AIM-349.pdf "SCHEME: An Interpreter for Extended Lambda Calculus"] AI Memo 349, MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Cambridge, Massachusetts, December 1975] and also provided the motivation for the development of a number of languages specifically intended to implement the Actor model, such as ACT-1, [Henry Lieberman, " [http://web.media.mit.edu/%7Elieber/Lieberary/OOP/Act-1/Concurrent-OOP-in-Act-1.html Concurrent Object-Oriented Programming in Act 1] ", In Object-Oriented Concurrent Programming, A. Yonezawa and M. Tokoro, eds., MIT Press, 1987.] SALSA, [C. Varela and G. Agha. [http://www.cs.rpi.edu/%7Ecvarela/oopsla2001.pdf Programming Dynamically Reconfigurable Open Systems with SALSA] . OOPSLA 2001 Intriguing Technology Track. ACM SIGPLAN Notices, 36(12):20-34, December 2001.] Caltrop, [cite paper|author=Johan Eker|coauthors=Jörn W. Janneck|title= An introduction to the Caltrop actor language |url = http://embedded.eecs.berkeley.edu/caltrop/docs/CaltropWhitePaper.pdf| accessdate = 2007-06-20] and E. Hewitt's work on the Actor model of computation has spanned over 30 years, beginning with the introduction of the model in a 1973 paper authored by Hewitt, Peter Bishop, and Richard Steiger,cite paper|author=Carl Hewitt|coauthors=Peter Bishop and Richard Steiger|title=A Universal Modular Actor Formalism for Artificial Intelligence|publisher=IJCAI|date=1973] and including new results on Actor model semantics published as recently as 2006.Carl Hewitt [http://www.pcs.usp.br/~coin-aamas06/10_commitment-43_16pages.pdf "What is Commitment? Physical, Organizational, and Social"] COIN@AAMAS. April 27, 2006.] Much of this work was carried out in collaboration with students in Hewitt's Message Passing Semantics Group at MIT's Artificial Intelligence Lab. [cite web|author=Mark S. Miller|title = Actors: Foundations for Open Systems| url=http://www.erights.org/history/actors.html |accessdate=2007-06-20]

MIT career

He retired from the faculty of the MIT Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science during the 1999-2000 school year. [cite web|author=John V. Guttag|title= MIT Reports to the President 1999–2000 - Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science| url=http://web.mit.edu/annualreports/pres00/11.05.html|date = 2000 | accessdate = 2007-06-19] Among the doctoral students that Hewitt supervised during his time at MIT are Professor Gul Agha, Dr. Russell Atkinson, Dr. Henry Baker, Dr. Gerald Barber, Dr. Peter Bishop, Dr. Gene Ciccarelli, Professor William Clinger, Dr. Peter de Jong, Dr. Michael Freiling, Dr. Irene Greif, Dr. Kenneth Kahn, Dr. William Kornfeld and Professor Akinori Yonezawa. [cite web|author = Carl Hewitt |title= Academic Biography of Carl Hewitt|url = http://biography.carlhewitt.info|date= 2007|accessdate = 2007-11-22]

Awards

From September 1989 to August 1990, Hewitt was the "IBM Chair Visiting Professor" in the Department of Computer Science at Keio University in Japan. [cite web|author = Ryuichiro Ohyama |title= Department of Computer Science-Recent and Current Visiting Professors|url = http://www.cs.keio.ac.jp/DCS/Visit.html|date= 1991|accessdate = 2007-06-19]

elected works

*Carl Hewitt (1969). [https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/6171 "PLANNER: A Language for Proving Theorems in Robots"] IJCAI'69.
*Carl Hewitt, Peter Bishop and Richard Steiger (1973). "A Universal Modular Actor Formalism for Artificial Intelligence" IJCAI'73.
*Carl Hewitt and Henry Baker (1977a). "Laws for Communicating Parallel Processes" IFIP'77.
*Carl Hewitt and Henry Baker (1977b). [https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/6687 "Actors and Continuous Functionals"] Proceeding of IFIP Working Conference on Formal Description of Programming Concepts. August 1–5, 1977.
*William Kornfeld and Carl Hewitt (1981). [https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/5693 "The Scientific Community Metaphor"] IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics. January 1981.
* Henry Lieberman and Carl E. Hewitt (1983). [http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/lieberman83realtime.html "A Real-Time Garbage Collector Based on the Lifetimes of Objects"] Communications of the ACM, 26(6).
*Carl Hewitt (1985). "The Challenge of Open Systems" Byte Magazine. April 1985. (Reprinted in "The foundation of artificial intelligence--a sourcebook" Cambridge University Press. 1990)

ee also

* Scientific community metaphor

References

External links

*
* [http://publications.carlhewitt.info/ List of publications from Hewitt's web page] .
* [http://carlhewitt.blogspot.com/ Carl Hewitt's blog] .
* [http://www.carlhewitt.info Carl Hewitt's homepage] .

Persondata
NAME= Hewitt, Carl
ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
SHORT DESCRIPTION= American mathematician and computer scientist
DATE OF BIRTH= not listed at request of Carl Hewitt
PLACE OF BIRTH= not listed at request of Carl Hewitt
DATE OF DEATH=
PLACE OF DEATH=