No. 485 Squadron RNZAF

No. 485 (NZ) Squadron RAF
Active	1 March 1941 - 26 August 1945
Country	United Kingdom
Allegiance	New Zealand
Branch	Royal Air Force
Role	Fighter
Motto	Māori: Ka whawhai tonu ("We will fight on")
Insignia
Squadron Badge	A demi Māori warrior holding a Taiaha
Squadron Codes	OU (Mar 1941 - Aug 1945)

No. 485(NZ) Squadron was a Spitfire squadron of the Royal New Zealand Air Force during the Second World War. It was the first RNZAF squadron formed under Article XV of the Empire Air Training Scheme and served in Europe under the operational command of the Royal Air Force.

Pilots of the Squadron with NZ High Commissioner Bill Jordan circa 1944

History

Manned by New Zealand pilots of the Royal New Zealand Air Force, but controlled by the Royal Air Force, 485(NZ) Squadron was formed on 1 March 1941 at RAF Driffield, in Yorkshire. Initially No 485 Sqn was equipped with old Spitfire Mk Is for its "working up" period in No. 13 Group RAF, which was carried out with no recorded fatalities. The Spitfire Mk Is were exchanged for Spitfire Mk IIs on 1 June 1941.^[1]

By July 1941 the squadron had scored its first victories, suffered its first combat fatalities and had moved to RAF Redhill, a frontline No. 11 Group RAF base to take part in offensive operations. One type of operation was fighter escort for "Circus" raids, in which a small number of RAF bombers (originally Bristol Blenheims and later Short Stirlings) were used as bait to draw up enemy fighters. ^[2]

Spitfire Vb

Line up of 485 Sqn. 'Subscription' Spitfire Mk. Vbs. The names can just be made out ahead of the windscreens. ('Y' is AB198 "WELLINGTON I". The pilot standing in front is possibly P/O Barrett.)

Starting in August 1941 Spitfire Mk Vbs began arriving. At least 20 of the Mk Vs had been paid for by a subscription fund in which citizens of New Zealand and Pacific Island 'Protectorates' could participate. Most of these aircraft bore the names of New Zealand Provinces stencilled on the fuel tank cover, just ahead of the cockpit (e.g.: W3579 'Southland II'.) ^[3]

In October 1941 the squadron moved to RAF Kenley, becoming a part of the Kenley Wing with 452 Sqn (RAAF). It was during this time that the formidable Focke Wulf Fw 190 first appeared. The Spitfire V was outclassed and many fighter RAF squadrons suffered heavy casualties, 485 Sqn being no exception; the Merlin 60 powered Spitfire Mk IX would counter this imbalance, but it would be some months before this version arrived in numbers. The unit remained at Kenley until July 1942, when the squadron was withdrawn for rest in Kingscliffe, Northants in No. 12 Group RAF.^[4]

The start of 1943 saw 485 Sqn, still equipped with Spitfire Vbs, back in 11 Group, this time based at RAF Mildenhall. In June of that year a contingent of thirteen squadron pilots were detached to Greenock Scotland to practice take offs and landings on "dummy" aircraft carrier decks. They then moved to Ayr and flew Seafire Ibs from the training carrier HMS Argus.^[5] The beginning of July 1943 saw a shift to Biggin Hill, one of Fighter Command's best known bases. There the unit took over 611 Sqn's Spitfire IXBs.

Spitfire IX

From July through to the first week of November 1943 485 Sqn was mostly engaged on offensive fighter "sweeps" (an operation to draw up enemy fighters, hopefully to shoot them down in large numbers), and bomber escorts. On 22 August 485 Sqn. suffered its worst day; during a high cover escort mission for American Marauders two enemy fighter squadrons attacked head-on. Four 485 Sqn pilots were shot down^[6] with two enemy aircraft shot down in return. In November 1943 the squadron returned to 12 Group for a short rest, during which time the unit flew Spitfire Vbs.

Mk XVI,(Packhard engined Mk IX), TE288 in Squadron colours at the RNZAF Museum.

RAF Hornchurch was the destination in February 1944, when 485 Sqn, again equipped with new Spitfire IXs, became part of 135 Wing with 122 Sqn and 222 Sqn. Preparations for D-Day were under way and 485 Sqn undertook bombing and air-gunnery practice with a new Mk IIC gyroscopic gunsight. There was little chance to try out the new gunsight in action before D-Day however, as the squadron was engaged in bomber escort and saw few enemy aircraft.

^[7]

Opportunities for air to air combat came on D-Day and on the week following, when 485 Sqn. shot down a total of nine enemy aircraft with no losses; these were to be the last enemy aircraft shot down in combat.^[8]

485 Sqn had become a fighter-bomber unit and moved to the continent in July 1944. Starting in France the unit moved through Belgium and Holland. On 1 January 1945 485 Sqn, based at B65 Maldegem, Belgium lost eleven Spitfires on the ground when attacked by Bf 109s during Operation Bodenplatte. Fortunately there were no pilot or ground crew casualties and new Spitfires were available the next day. From late February 1945 there was a temporary move to Cornwall where Typhoons were flown in preparation for a planned conversion to Tempests. A shortage of Tempests meant that this conversion didn't happen. Reeqiupped with Spitfire Mk XVIs (Spitfire XI powered by a Packard Merlin 266) 485 Sqn ended the war based at airfield B.109/Drope, Germany.^[9] 485 Sqn was officially disbanded on 26 August 1945. The Squadron's motto is in Māori Ka whawhai tonu ('We will fight on').

The crest from this Squadron was adopted in the late 1960s as the official crest for the then formed RNZAF Strike Wing, based at RNZAF Base Ohakea, North Island, New Zealand. This wing incorporated No. 75 Squadron RNZAF (Vampires) and No. 14 Squadron RNZAF (Canberras). It is now the crest of No.485 Wing, which parents all RNZAF operational flying units.

Achievements

485 Squadron flew 9,997 sorties. The unit claimed 63 enemy aircraft destroyed. During the short period that the squadron was employed against ground targets pilots destroyed 70 motor vehicles and 5 railway engines. 24 DFCs or DFMs were won by members of the squadron. Several squadron members, after serving on 485(NZ) Sqn. became Squadron Leaders, Wing Commanders and Group Captains.

Preserved aircraft

Duxford, 2001. OU-V; Carolyn Grace's preserved 485 Squadron Spitfire.

• Ex 485 Spitfire MkIXc, OU-V / ML407, in which Johnnie Houlton shot down a Junkers Ju 88on D-Day.^[10] Converted to a two seat trainer for the Irish Air Corps, was restored by Nick Grace and is flown by his widow Carolyn.
• MkIXc MK732 has been restored in post war Dutch colours as PH-OUQ. It flew with 485 Squadron as OU-Q/U "Baby Bea V" taking part in D-Day and Operation Market Garden and in the hands of Flying Officer Patterson shot down a Messerschmitt Bf 109 on 8 June 1944.
• Spitfire MkXVIe TE288 is preserved at the Royal New Zealand Air Force Museum at Wigram, painted in the unit's colours to represent an aircraft operating inside Germany shortly prior to VE day, (TE288 did not see active service. Was used in the movie Reach for the Sky (1956), the Douglas Bader story).
• Ex 485 Squadron Spitfires are also preserved in Dutch and Norwegian aviation museums, painted to represent aircraft of those nations.

A note on New Zealand Squadrons in the RAF

It is now largely accepted that the seven World War II squadrons of the Royal Air Force manned by New Zealanders are recorded by a formulation such as 486 (NZ) Squadron RAF. However some authors (e.g. Bill Gunston) have used a formulation like 486 squadron RNZAF. Some claim the latter is misleading. RNZAF units were a separate entity, formed and controlled entirely by the RNZAF; all RNZAF units operated in the Pacific Theatre. An anomaly exists in that the official badges of the six New Zealand units read (e.g.:) "486 Squadron Royal New Zealand Air Force".^[11] However, as Gerard S Morris explains:

Interestingly, this carried over into the naming of the six New Zealand squadrons...It was impractical, for operational and administrative reasons to establish and maintain RNZAF squadrons in Britain. So, although the squadron badges carried the name Royal New Zealand Air Force, the squadrons were in fact receiving their pay cheques from the British government and official records such as the Operations Record Book acknowledged this. For example, 485 Squadron was referred to informally as 485 (New Zealand) or 485 (NZ) and never as 485 Squadron, RNZAF.(italics added)^[12]

On December 19, 1939 Article XV was promulgated, creating the Empire Air Training Scheme. Under this article provision was made for the formation of Commonwealth squadrons within the RAF. On 17 April 1941 a further agreement was negotiated allowing for six New Zealand Squadrons to be formed: 485 Sqn., 486 Sqn., 487 Sqn., 488 Sqn., 489 Sqn. and 490 Sqn. These units were manned and (mostly) commanded by New Zealanders trained under the EATS. provisions, although this didn't preclude other nationalities from being members. Administratively the "Article XV squadrons" were an integral part of the RAF, with all command appointments being made by the RAF. Other Dominion or Commonwealth countries involved were Australia and Canada, along with Rhodesia and South Africa.

Many New Zealanders served with mainstream RAF squadrons and several were to become Wing Commanders and Group Captains. Two outstanding New Zealanders to play a vital role in the war, and two of the best commanders in aviation history were Sir Keith Park and Sir Arthur Coningham.

References

Notes

1. ^ Sortehaug & Listemann. No. 485 (N.Z.) Squadron 1941-1945. Morris, Gerard S. Spitfire, the New Zealand Story.
2. ^ 1103 sorties were flown on Spitfire Mk I and IIs, with seven E/A (Enemy/Aircraft) shot down and eleven Spitfires lost to all causes All causes includes accidents (air and ground) and aircraft shot down. Four pilots were killed.Sortehaug & Listemann. No. 485 (N.Z.) Squadron 1941-1945. Morris, Gerard S. Spitfire, the New Zealand Story.
3. ^ A comprehensive account of these aircraft is given in Morris, Gerard S. Spitfire, the New Zealand Story. Also Sortehaug & Listemann. No. 485 (N.Z.) Squadron 1941-1945.
4. ^ During this period (8-41 to 7-42) of operations 485 Sqn. flew 2272 sorties, claimed 43 enemy aircraft and lost 31 Spitfires to all causes. 11 pilots were killed, 7 became POWs and 2 evaded capture. Sortehaug & Listemann. No. 485 (N.Z.) Squadron 1941-1945. Price, Alfred. Spitfire Mk V Aces 1941 - 1945.
5. ^ Morris 2000. Houlton 1985
6. ^ Two were captured (one severely injured), one killed and one evaded capture. The latter, Flt Sgt Leslie "Chalkie" White has a biography about his time on 485 Sqn. Braithwaite, Errol. Pilot on the Run. 1986
7. ^ Many of the Spitfire IXs flown by 485 Sqn were converted to carry a fixed armament of two 20 mm Hispano cannon and two .50 cal Browning machine guns; this was the first time the .50 cal Browning saw use on the Spitfire, which usually carried two 20 mm Hispano and four .303 Brownings. Morris, Gerard. Spitfire the New Zealand Story.
8. ^ From October 1943 through to January 1945 no 485 Sqn. aircraft were lost. 485 Sqn had in total 97 confirmed and probable claims. Sortehaug and Listemann. 2006
9. ^ In total 33 Spitfire IX & XVIs were lost to all causes (11 during "Bodenplatte", one XVI post war). In return 34 enemy aircraft were confirmed and five probable. Sortehaug and Listemann. 2006
10. ^ Although claimed to be the first aircraft shot down on D-Day, there is evidence that Mosquito nightfighters were successful that morning. There is a probability that Houlton shared this Ju 88 with another pilot of 485 Sqn. Morris, Gerard S. Spitfire, the New Zealand Story.
11. ^ History of squadrons 485 till 490 on rafweb
12. ^ Morris 2000, p.20.

Bibliography

Two squadron histories have been published

• Sortehaug, Paul and Listemann, Phil. No. 485 (N.Z.) Squadron 1941-1945. Boé Cedex, France: Graphic Sud, 2006. ISBN 2-9526381-0-1. (90 Pages)
• Wells, Kevin W. An Illustrated History of the New Zealand Spitfire Squadron. Hutchinson, New Zealand, 1984. ISBN 0-09-159360-3.

NZ Spitfire history; 485 Squadron features heavily.

• Morris, Gerard S. Spitfire, the New Zealand Story. Auckland, New Zealand: Reed Books, 2000. ISBN 0-7900-0696-0.

485 Squadron pilot biography and autobiographies;

• Avery, Max with Shores, Chris. Spitfire Leader. The story of Wing Cdr. Evan "Rosie" Mackie. London, UK: Grub Street, 1997. ISBN 1-902304-26-8.
• Braithwaite, Errol. Pilot on the Run. London, UK: Century Hutchinson, 1986. ISBN 0-916515-6.
• Houlton, Johnnie. Spitfire Strikes. London, UK: John Murray, 1985. ISBN 0-71954-178-6.
• King, James Norby. Green Kiwi versus German Eagle: The Journal of a New Zealand Spitfire Pilot. Tauranga, New Zealand: Publicity Printing, 1991 (reprinted 2003). ISBN 0-47301-210-3.
• Orange, Vincent. Johnny Checketts: The Road to Biggin Hill. Mallinson Rendel, 1987 (reprinted by Grub Street, 2007). Biography of Wing Commander Johnny Checketts, a New Zealander who joined up the RNZAF during the war, flew Spitfires for the 485 Squadron in England , and then returned to the RNZAF.
• Rae, Jack. Kiwi Spitfire Ace. London, UK: Grub Street, 2001. ISBN 1-90230-478-0.

A relevant pilot autobiography;

• Col. James R. Haun, Spitfire Wingman from Tennessee. (esp. Chapter 11) Stormwatch Press, 2006. ISBN 978-0-9790002-0-1.

Other books with No. 485 Squadron links;

• Halley, James J. The Squadrons of the Royal Air Force & Commonwealth, 1918-1988. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd., 1988. ISBN 0-85130-164-9.
• Jefford, Wing Commander C.G. MBE, BA, RAF (Retd.). RAF Squadrons, A Comprehensive Record of the Movement and Equipment of all RAF Squadrons and their Antecedents since 1912. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing, 1998 (Second edition 2001). ISBN 978-1-84037-141-2.
• Price, Alfred. Spitfire Mk V Aces 1941 - 1945. London, UK: Osprey Publishing, 1997. ISBN 1-85532-635-3.
• Price, Alfred. Late Marque Spitfire Aces 1942 - 1945. London, UK: Osprey Publishing, 1995. ISBN 1-85532-575-6.
• Rawlings, John D.R. Fighter Squadrons of the RAF and their Aircraft. London: Macdonald and Jane's (Publishers) Ltd., 1969 (new edition 1976, reprinted 1978). ISBN 0-354-01028-X.

Official New Zealand History (available online)

• Thompson, Wing Commander H.L. New Zealanders with the Royal Air Force (Vol I): European Theatre September 1939-December 1942. Wellington, New Zealand: War History Branch, Department of Internal Affairs, 1953. ISBN N/A
• Thompson, Wing Commander H.L. New Zealanders with the Royal Air Force (Vol II): European Theatre January 1943-December 1945. Wellington, New Zealand: War History Branch, Department of Internal Affairs, 1956. ISBN N/A

External links

• RAF web page
• NZ Fighter Pilot's museum page
• Sound Archive: Interview 485 Squadron pilot.
• Aviation Heritage page
• MK732 site
• ML407 site
• Spitfire Performance Testing