John Gray (Irish politician)

Infobox Person
name = Sir John Gray Knt MD JP


caption = Memorial statue on Dublin's O'Connell street
birth_date = birth date|1815|7|13
birth_place = Claremorris, Mayo, Ireland
death_date = death date and age|1875|4|9|1815|7|13
death_place = Bath, Somerset, England
other_names = John Grey
title = MP for Kilkenny City
term = 1865 - 1875
nationality = Irish
party = Liberal and Home Rule League
religion = Protestantism
resting_place = Glasnevin Cemetery, Dublin

Sir John Gray Knt MD JP, sometimes spelled John Grey (July 13 1815- April 9 1875) [Some sources give Gray's birth year as 1816 (Burke, Leslie). Other sources note 1815 (Dublin Corporation, NZ Tablet obituary). Date shown is as per the inscription on his idealscite book
last = Burke
first = Edmund
title = The Annual Register (a review of public events at home and abroad for the year 1875)
publisher = London
series =
year = 1876
pages = P.139
isbn = [http://books.google.com/books?id=wD89Lnx_S_gC&pg=RA1-PA139&dq=%22John+Gray%22+1816+1876+claremorris] ] - which he expressed as owner of the Freeman's Journal, chairman of the Dublin Corporation Water Works Committee between 1863 and 1875, and Member of Parliament in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland for Kilkenny city from 1865 until his death. He was a supporter of Daniel O'Connell, and later of Charles Stewart Parnell, and advocated a repeal of the Act of Union. [http://towns.mayo-ireland.ie/WebX?[e-mail]1QALDl.0@.ee7a18d Mayo-Ireland.ie - People from Claremorris] ] Through his offices with Dublin Corporation, the Vartry Reservoir water supply works were completed, introducing a fresh water supply to Dublin city and suburbs.cite book
last = Norwood
first = John
title = On the Working of the Sanitary Laws in Dublin, with Suggestions for their Amendment
publisher = Dublin: Journal of the Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland
series = Vol. VI, Part XLIII
year = 1872/1973
pages = pp230-242
isbn = [http://www.tara.tcd.ie/bitstream/2262/5701/1/jssisiVolVIPartXLIII_230242.pdf] [http://www.tara.tcd.ie/handle/2262/5701] ] He died at Bath in England April 9, 1875. Shortly after his death, his contributions to the provision of the water supply, and the beneficial impact this had to conditions of public health in Dublin, [http://www.glasnevin-cemetery.ie/www.glasnevin-cemetery.ie/cemarchgraygray.html Glasnevin-Cemetery.ie - Entry on Sir John Gray] ] were recognised in a memorial statue on O'Connell Street. [http://www.faduda.net/articles/johngray.html Faduda.net/articles/johngray - Doctor Who?] ]

Early life

John Gray was born in Claremorris, County Mayo; the third son of John and Elizabeth Gray of Mount Street. [http://www.paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=NZT18750612.2.29&cl=&srpos=0&st=1&e=-------en--1----0-all New Zealand Tablet, Volume II, Issue 111, 12 June 1875, Page 14 - John Gray Obituary] ] He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and obtained the degree of M.D and Master in Surgery at Glasgow University in 1839.Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Vol.23 pp.436-7, Oxford University Press (2004-5): Steele, David, "Grey, Sir John (1816-1875), newspaper proprietor and politician"] Shortly before his marriage in the same year,cite book
last= Leslie |first= Stephen
coauthors = Lee, Sidney
title = Dictionary of National Biography
publisher = MacMillan & Co. New York
series = Vol XXIII
year = 1890
pages = Page 9
isbn = [http://www.archive.org/details/dictionaryofnati23stepuoft (Online version at Archive.org)] ] he settled in Dublin and took up a post at a hospital in North Cumberland Street.cite book
last = Webb
first = Alfred
title = A Compendium of Irish Biography
publisher = Dublin: M.H. Gill & son
series = xix
year = 1878
pages =
isbn = [http://www.booksulster.com/library/biography/biographyG.php (Online version at BooksUlster.com)] ] He was admitted as a licentiate of the College of Physicians in due course.

Gray was publicly minded, and contributed to periodicals and the newspaper press. In 1841 he became joint proprietor of the "Freeman's Journal" - a nationalist paper which was then published daily and weekly. He acted as political editor of "the Journal" for a time, before becoming sole proprietor in 1850. As owner, Gray increased the newspaper's size, reduced its price and extended its circulation.

Politics

Gray entered politics at a relatively young age, and attached himself to O'Connell's Repeal Association. As a Protestant nationalist, he supported the movement for the repeal of the Act of Union with England. In October 1843, Gray was indicted with O'Connell and others in the Court of the Queen's Bench in Dublin on a charge of conspiracy and sedition against the British establishment. In the following February Gray, together with O'Connell, was condemned to nine months imprisonment, but early in September 1844 the sentence was remitted on appeal. From then on he was careful to distance himself from the advocacy of violence in the national cause, though he was sympathetic to the Young Ireland movement without being involved in its 1848 rebellion. Through the growing influence of the "Freeman’s Journal" (of which he was the sole proprietor from 1850), he became a significant figure in Dublin municipal politics. He was also active in national politics at an otherwise quiet period of Irish politics up until 1860. With the resurgence of nationalism after the famine he helped to organise the Tenant's League founding conference in 1850, standing unsuccessfully as the League’s candidate for Monaghan in the 1852 election.

Later Gray was to originate and organise the "courts of arbitration" which O'Connell endeavoured to substitute for the existing legal tribunals of the country. Following O'Connell's death, Dr. Gray (in 1862) inaugurated an appeal for subscriptions to build a monument to O'Connell [http://www.ucd.ie/gsi/pdf/34-1/sack.pdf UCD.ie - "Monuments, power and contested space — the iconography of Sackville Street (O'Connell Street) before Independence (1922)" - by Yvonne Whelan] ] on Sackville Street. (Now O'Connell Street). Independent from O'Connell, Gray continued to take a prominent part in Irish politics and in local affairs.

In municipal politics, Gray was elected councillor in 1852 and alderman of Dublin Corporation, and took an interest in the improvement of the city. As chairman of the committee for a new water supply to Dublin, Dr. Gray actively promoted what would become the "Vartry scheme". The Vartry Reservoir scheme involved the partial redirection and damming of the Vartry river in County Wicklow, [http://www.enfo.ie/leaflets/bs22.htm ENFO.ie - "Dublin's Water"] ] the building of a series of water piping and filtering systems (and related public works) to carry fresh water to the city. [http://www.dublinfirebrigade.ie/Images/Climate%20Change%20Study_tcm35-58683.pdf DublinFireBrigade.ie - The Varty water supply] ] This work was particularly important in the improvement of conditions in the city, and to public health, as it improved sanitation and helped reduce outbreaks of cholera, typhus and other diseases associated with contaminated water. On the opening of the works on June 30, 1863, Gray was Knighted by the Earl of Carlisle, then Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. Partially in recognition of these efforts, Gray would later be nominated for the position of Lord Mayor of Dublin for the years 1868-69, but he declined to serve.

Political reformer

In national politics, the Liberal government at the time was keen to conciliate an influential representative of the moderate nationalists to support British Liberalism and who would resume O’Connell’s constitutional agitation. In an unusual alliance with the Catholic Archbishop of Dublin, Paul Cullen (1803-1878), a man devoted to O’Connell’s memory, Gray’s newspaper exploited this shift in government policy. It supported the archbishop’s creation, the National Association of Ireland, established in 1864 with the intention of providing a moderate alternative to the revolutionary nationalism of the Fenians. The "Freeman’s Journal" adopted the aims of the Association as its own: it advocated the disestablishment of the Anglican Church of Ireland, reform of the land laws, educational aspirations of Irish Catholicism and free denominal education. [Boylan, John (1998) "Dictionary of Irish Biography" pp. 153-4, 3rd.ed. ISBN 0-7171-2507-6] In the 1865 general election Gray was elected MP for Kilkenny city as a Liberal candidate. In this capacity he campaigned successfully at Westminster and in Ireland for the reforms also advocated in his paper; his newspaper’s inquiry into the anomalous wealth of the established church amidst a predominately Catholic population contributed considerably to Gladstone's Irish Church Disestablishment Act 1869. Gray helped to furnish the proof that Irish demands were not to be satisfied by anything other than by radical legislation. He fought for the provision in the new Landlord & Tenant (Ireland) Act 1870 for fixity of tenure, which Gladstone eventually conceded. The Act’s other weaknesses however resulted in its failure to resolve the "land question", the accompanying coercion, the disappointment with Gladstone’s handling of the university question and national education, caused Gray to deflect from the Liberals and become mistrusted in Britain. In the general election of 1874 he was re-elected on this occasion as a Home Rule League MP for Kilkenny, joining its Home Rule majority in the House of Commons, and held his seat until his death the following year.

Death and legacy

Sir John Gray died at Bath, in England, on April 9, 1875. His remains were returned to Ireland and he was honoured with a public funeral at Glasnevin Cemetery. Almost immediately afterwards public subscriptions were sought for the erection in O'Connell Street, of a monument to Gray. The monument was completed in 1879 and was dedicated to the "appreciation of his many services to his country, and of the splendid supply of pure water which he secured for Dublin". His legacy also included his contributions to the passage of the Irish Church and Land Bills, his advocacy for tenant's rights and his support of the Home Rule movement.

Gray had married Mary Anna Dwyer of Limerick in 1839, and they had five children; three sons and two daughters.

One of his sons, Edmund Dwyer Gray took over the management of the "Freeman's Journal". Edmund also followed his father into politics, and would eventually become MP for Dublin (Stephen's Green), Lord Mayor of Dublin (1880-1881), and a supporter of Charles Stewart Parnell.

Edmund John Chisholm Dwyer-Gray (Edmund Dwyer Gray's son, and Sir John Gray's grandson) would become Premier of Tasmania.

Notes

Persondata
NAME= Gray, John, Sir
ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Grey, John
SHORT DESCRIPTION=Irish physician, surgeon, newspaper proprietor, journalist and politician
DATE OF BIRTH= July 13 1815
PLACE OF BIRTH= Claremorris, Mayo, Ireland
DATE OF DEATH= April 9 1875
PLACE OF DEATH= Bath, Somerset, England