Richard Layard, Baron Layard

(Peter) Richard Grenville Layard, Baron Layard (born 15 March 1934) is a British economist. He was founder-director in 1990 of, and is a current programme director at, the Centre for Economic Performance at the London School of Economics.

Layard was educated at Eton, where he was a King's scholar, at King's College, Cambridge and at the London School of Economics. In his early career he was Senior Research Officer for the famous Robbins Committee on Higher Education. This committee's report led to the massive expansion of UK university education in the 1960s and 1970s.

Apart from various academic positions he has held since the 1960s, Layard has worked as an advisor for numerous organizations, including government institutions in the United Kingdom and Russia.

In 1991, he married Molly Christine Meacher; they have two sons and two daughters. His wife, styled Lady Layard between 2000 and 2006, was herself created a life peer in 2006 as Baroness Meacher.

Since 2000, Layard is a Labour life peer in the House of Lords as Baron Layard, of Highgate in the London Borough of Haringey.

Work

Layard assisted Claus Moser on the Robbins enquiry, and later developed a reputation in the economics of education (with Mark Blaug at LSE), and labour economics (in particular with Stephen Nickell). He advocated many of the policies which have characterised the New Labour government, partly by founding the influential Centre for Economic Performance at the London School of Economics. The approach he takes is based on the idea of welfare-to-work, where social welfare payments are structured in a way that encourages (or forces) recipients back into the job market.

Recently, Layard has shifted his attention to the study of what has since come to be known as Happiness economics. This branch of economic analysis starts from the argument that income is a bad approximation for happiness. Based on modern happiness research, he cites three factors that economists fail to take into consideration:
* Social comparisons: In contrast to what traditional economics predicts, happiness is derived from relative income as well as from absolute income. That is, if everyone gains purchasing power, some may still turn out unhappier if their position compared to others is worse. This effect may not turn economic growth into a zero sum game entirely, but it will likely diminish the benefits people draw from their hard work. In an economy where not only companies, but individuals are constantly forced to compete with each other, life and work are experienced as a rat race.
* Adaptation: As people get used to higher income levels, their idea of a sufficient income grows with their income. If they fail to anticipate that effect, they will invest more time for work than is good for their happiness.
* Changing Tastes: Economists assume that individual preferences are constant, when in fact such preferences are not fixed but increasingly mutable, shifting constantly according to the latest trends and cultural norms. In turn, the relative values of one's accumulated possessions are subject to depreciation, ultimately having a negative effect on happiness.

From these observations, Layard concludes that taxes serve another purpose besides paying for public services (usually for public goods) and redistributing income. The third purpose is to counteract the cognitive bias that causes people to work more than is good for their happiness. That is, taxes should help citizens preserve a healthy work-life balance.

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Critique

"Research shows that people attain the highest levels of happiness when they feel a sense of freedom and control of their own destiny. Increased taxation has the opposite effect. Objectively, people are left with less opportunities. Subjectively, people feel constrained and controlled. The most extensive recent research on happiness also show that the Easterlin paradox does not exist. People do in fact, ceteris paribus, obtain higher levels of happiness from increased income. [Betsey Stevenson and Justin Wolfers, "Economic Growth andSubjective Well-Being: Reassessing the Easterlin Paradox,"National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper, No. 14282, August2008.]

External links

* [http://cep.lse.ac.uk/layard/ Richard Layard] . Home page at the London School of Economics.
* [http://cep.lse.ac.uk/events/lectures/layard/RL030303.pdf Lionel Robbins Memorial Lecture Part 1] Very good - readable - introduction to Happiness Economics.
* [http://cep.lse.ac.uk/events/lectures/layard/RL040303.pdf Lionel Robbins Memorial Lecture Part 2]
* [http://cep.lse.ac.uk/events/lectures/layard/RL050303.pdf Lionel Robbins Memorial Lecture Part 3]
*" [http://cep.lse.ac.uk/research/mentalhealth/default.asp The Depression Report] ". LSE CEP page.
*" [http://www.spiked-online.com/index.php?/site/article/2678/ There is no 'paradox of prosperity'] ", Spiked (magazine), January 2007 Critique of happiness economics by Daniel Ben-Ami