Sustainable biofuel

Biofuels – transport fuels derived from plant materials – are entering the market, driven by factors such as rising oil prices and the need for increased energy security. However, many of the biofuels that are currently being supplied have been criticised for their adverse impacts on the natural environment, food security, and land use. The challenge is to support biofuel development, including the development of new cellulosic technologies, with responsible policies and economic instruments to help ensure that biofuel commercialization is sustainable. Responsible commercialization of biofuels represents an opportunity to enhance sustainable economic prospects in Africa, Latin America and impoverished Asia. [http://www.canada.com/components/print.aspx?id=e08c8e19-4a95-491c-9386-d30afeab5cdf&sponsor= Biofuels are part of the solution] ]

Biofuels offer the prospect of increased market competition and oil price moderation. A healthy supply of alternative energy sources will help to combat gasoline price spikes and reduce dependency on fossil fuels, especially in the transport sector. Using transportation fuels more efficiently is also an integral part of a sustainable transport strategy.

Biofuel options

Biofuel development and use is a complex issue because there are many biofuel options which are available. Biofuels, such as ethanol and biodiesel, are currently produced from the products of conventional food crops such as the starch, sugar and oil feedstocks from crops that include wheat, maize, sugar cane, palm oil and oilseed rape. Any major switch to biofuels from such crops would create a direct competition with their use for food and animal feed, and in some parts of the world we are already seeing the economic consequences of such competition. [http://royalsociety.org/displaypagedoc.asp?id=28914 Sustainable biofuels: prospects and challenges] p. 2.]

Second generation biofuels are now being produced from a much broader range of feedstocks including the cellulose in dedicated energy crops (perennial grasses such as switchgrass and Miscanthus giganteus), forestry materials, the co-products from food production, and domestic vegetable waste. Advances in the conversion processes [ [http://environment.newscientist.com/article/dn11364 Hydrogen injection could boost biofuel production] ] will improve the sustainability of biofuels, through better efficiencies and reduced environmental impact of producing biofuels, from both existing food crops and from cellulosic sources.

Lord Ron Oxburgh suggests that responsible production of biofuels has several advantages:

Produced responsibly they are a sustainable energy source that need not divert any land from growing food nor damage the environment; they can also help solve the problems of the waste generated by Western society; and they can create jobs for the poor where previously were none. Produced irresponsibly, they at best offer no climate benefit and, at worst, have detrimental social and environmental consequences. In other words, biofuels are pretty much like any other product. [Oxburgh, Ron. Fuelling hope for the future, "Courier Mail", 15 August 2007.]

According to the Rocky Mountain Institute, sound biofuel production practices would not hamper food and fibre production, nor cause water or environmental problems, and would enhance soil fertitlity. [ [http://oilendgame.com/ReadTheBook.html Winning the Oil Endgame] p. 107.] The production of ethanol itself would have no effect on any of these previously described issues, it is if agriculture becomes more 'sound' that these issues will no longer be a problem.

The selection of land on which to grow the feedstocks is a critical component of the ability of biofuels to deliver sustainable solutions. A key consideration is the minimization of biofuel competition for prime cropland. [ [http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/007885.html Growing Sustainable Biofuels: Common Sense on Biofuels, part 2] ]

Third generation biofuels (biofuel from algae) uses non-edible raw materials sources that can be used for biodiesel and bioalcohol fuels.

Jatropha

In India and Africa

Crops like Jatropha, used for biodiesel, can thrive on marginal agricultural land where many trees and crops won't grow, or would produce only slow growth yields. [http://royaldutchshellplc.com/2008/02/28/the-guardian-through-biofuels-we-can-reap-the-fruits-of-our-labours/ Through biofuels we can reap the fruits of our labours] ] [http://www.climateark.org/shared/reader/welcome.aspx?linkid=95429 As Biofuels Catch On, Next Task Is to Deal With Environmental, Economic Impact] ] Jatropha cultivation provides benefits for local communities:

Cultivation and fruit picking by hand is labour-intensive and needs around one person per hectare. In parts of rural India and Africa this provides much-needed jobs - about 200,000 people worldwide now find employment through jatropha. Moreover, villagers often find that they can grow other crops in the shade of the trees. Their communities will avoid importing expensive diesel and there will be some for export too.

In Cambodia

Cambodia has no proven fossil fuel reserves, and is almost completely dependent on fully-imported diesel fuel for electricity production. Consequently Cambodians face some of the highest energy prices in the world, and an insecure supply. The impacts of this are widespread and may hinder economic development. [http://www.nri.org/projects/biomass/conference_papers/biofuel_in_cambodia.pdf Biofuel: A Sustainable Solution for Cambodia?] ]

Biofuels may provide a substitute for diesel fuel that can be manufactured locally for a lower price, that would be independent of the international oil price. The local production and use of biofuel also offers other benefits such as improved energy security, rural development opportunities and environmental benefits. The Jatropha curcas species appears to be a particularly suitable source of biofuel as it already grows commonly in Cambodia. Local sustainable production of biofuel in Cambodia, based on the Jatropha or other sources, offers good potential benefits for the investors, the economy, rural communities and the environment.

ugar cane in Peru

In Peru, Maple Energy will use unwanted scrub land to grow sugar cane for ethanol production. Local government officials say that the project will create jobs, attract new investment and increase exports. Ethanol production is expected to start in 2008 with the goal of producing 30 million gallons per year. [Ethanol proves a sweet export, "Houston Chronicle", 18 August 2007.]

weet sorghum in India

Sweet sorghum overcomes many of the shortcomings of other biofuel crops. With sweet sorghum, only the stalks are used for biofuel production, while the grain is saved for food or livestock feed. It is not in high demand in the global food market, and thus has little impact on food prices and food security. Sweet sorghum is grown on already-farmed drylands that are low in carbon storage capacity, so concerns about the of clearing rainforest, do not apply. Sweet sorghum is easier and cheaper to grow than other biofuel crops in India and does not require irrigation, an important consideration in dry areas. [ [http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=42346 Can Sorghum Solve the Biofuels Dilemma?] ]

Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels

The "Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels" is an international initiative which brings together farmers, companies, governments, non-governmental organizations, and scientists who are interested in the sustainability of biofuels production and distribution. During 2008, the Roundtable is developing a series of principles and criteria for sustainable biofuels production through meetings, teleconferences, and online discussions. [ [http://cgse.epfl.ch/page65660.html The Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels: Ensuring Biofuels Deliver on their Promise of Sustainability] ]

The international Roundtable for Sustainable Biofuels released “Version Zero” of its proposed standards for sustainable biofuels on August 13, 2008. This includes a dozen principles, each with several criteria developing the principle further. The 12 principles are: [ [http://www.biomassmagazine.com/article.jsp?article_id=1914 Roundtable for Sustainable Biofuels releases proposed standards for review] ]

#Biofuel production shall follow international treaties and national laws regarding such things as air quality, water resources, agricultural practices, labor conditions, and more.
#Biofuels projects shall be designed and operated in participatory processes that involve all relevant stakeholders in planning and monitoring.
#Biofuels shall significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions as compared to fossil fuels. The principle seeks to establish a standard methodology for comparing greenhouse gases (GHG) benefits.
#Biofuel production shall not violate human rights or labor rights, and shall ensure decent work and the well-being of workers.
#Biofuel production shall contribute to the social and economic development of local, rural and indigenous peoples and communities.
#Biofuel production shall not impair food security.
#Biofuel production shall avoid negative impacts on biodiversity, ecosystems and areas of high conservation value.
#Biofuel production shall promote practices that improve soil health and minimize degradation.
#Surface and groundwater use will be optimized and contamination or depletion of water resources minimized.
#Air pollution shall be minimized along the supply chain.
#Biofuels shall be produced in the most cost-effective way, with a commitment to improve production efficiency and social and environmental performance in all stages of the biofuel value chain.
#Biofuel production shall not violate land rights.

ustainable Biofuels Consensus

The "Sustainable Biofuels Consensus" is an international initiative which calls upon governments, the private sector, and other stakeholders to take concerted, collaborative and coordinated action to ensure the sustainable trade, use and production of biofuels. In this way biofuels may play a key role in the transformation of the energy sector, climate stabilization and resulting worldwide renaissance of rural areas, all of which are urgently needed. [http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/assets/documents/2008/FINAL%20SBC_April_16_2008.pdf Sustainable Biofuels Consensus] ]

The Sustainable Biofuels Consensus envisions a landscape that provides food, fodder, fiber, and energy, which offers opportunities for rural development; that diversifies energy supply, restores ecosystems, protects biodiversity, and sequesters carbon.

Oil price moderation

Biofuels offer the prospect of real market competition and oil price moderation. According to the Wall Street Journal, crude oil would be trading 15 per cent higher and gasoline would be as much as 25 per cent more expensive, if it were not for biofuels. A healthy supply of alternative energy sources will help to combat gasoline price spikes.

ustainable transport

Biofuels on their own cannot deliver a sustainable transport system and so must be developed as part of an integrated approach,which promotes other renewable energy options and energy efficiency, as well as moderating the overall demand and need for transport. [http://royalsociety.org/displaypagedoc.asp?id=28914 Sustainable biofuels: prospects and challenges] p. 1.]

See also

* Food vs fuel

References

External links

* [http://www.energyefficiencynews.com/transport/i/1227/ New Zealand passes sustainable biofuels bill]