Amacrine cell

Amacrine cell

Infobox_neuron
neuron_name = Amacrine cell
image_neuron = Amacrine.pngcaption_neuron = "Xenopus" retinal cells stained for cdk2/cyclin2 with red arrow indicating amacrine cell. IPL is shown in white.
location = INL of the retina
function = inhibitory or neuromodulatory interneurons
neurotransmitter = GABA, glycine, DA, or 5-HT
morphology = Varies
afferents = Bipolar cells
efferents = Bipolar cells and Ganglion cells
GraySubject =
GrayPage =

Amacrine cells are interneurons in the retina. Amacrine cells are responsible for 70% of input to retinal ganglion cells. Bipolar cells, which are responsible for the other 30% of input to retinal ganglia, are regulated by amacrine cells.

Overview

Amacrine cells operate at the inner plexiform layer (IPL), the second synaptic retinal layer where bipolar cells and ganglion cells synapse. There are about 40 different types of amacrine cells, most lacking axons. Like horizontal cells, amacrine cells work laterally affecting the output from bipolar cells, however, their tasks are often more specialized. Each type of amacrine cell connects with a particular type of bipolar cell, and generally has a particular type of neurotransmitter. One such population, AII, 'piggybacks' rod bipolar cells onto the cone bipolar circuitry. It connects rod bipolar cell output with cone bipolar cell input, and from there the signal can travel to the respective ganglion cells.

They are classified by the width of their field of connection, which layer(s) of the stratum in the IPL they are in, and by neurotransmitter type. Most are inhibitory using either GABA or glycine as neurotransmitters.

Functionality

Relatively little is known of the functional roles of the Amacrine cells. Amacrine cells with extensive dendritic trees are thought to contribute to inhibitory surrounds by feedback at both the bipolar cell, and ganglion cell levels. In this role they are considered to supplement the action of the horizontal cells. Amacrine cells give much more input to M (Magnocellular) ganglion cells than to P (Parvocellular) ganglion cells.

Other forms of Amacrine cell are likely to play modulatory roles, allowing adjustment of sensitivity for photopic and scotopic vision. The AII Amacrine cell (also known as the Rod amacrine cell) is a mediator of signals from rod cells under scotopic conditions.

ee also

* Photoreceptor cell
* Horizontal cell
* Bipolar cell
* Ganglion cell

References

* cite book
last =Nicholls
first =John G.
coauthors =A. Robert Martin, Bruce G. Wallace, Paul A. Fuchs
title =From Neuron to Brain
publisher =Sinauer Associates, Inc
date =2001
location =Boston, Massachusetts
isbn = 0-87893-439-1

*

External links

* [http://webvision.med.utah.edu/amacrines1.html Webvision amacrine cell article]
*
* [http://hubel.med.harvard.edu/ Eye Brain and vision book] Hubel D (1988) Eye Brain and Vision, whole book available online.


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