Wallace Willis

Uncle Wallace Willis (sometimes Wallis Willis) was a Choctaw freedman living in the Indian Territory. He is credited with composing several Negro spirituals. [Wright, "Early Navigation and Commerce "and etc.", p. 82: "It is an interesting fact that some of the negro spirituals which are today becoming widely known through musical programs over the radio, were composed by an old negro slave who belonged to Mr. Britt Willis, a prominent citizen of the Choctaw Nation and well-to-do slaveholder living in the vicinity of Doaksville."] [Banks, "Narrative", p. 28: "My grandfather, Uncle Wallace, was a slave of the Wright fam'ly when dey lived near Doaksville, and he and my grandmother would pass de time by singing while dey toiled away in de cotton fields. Grandfather was a sweet singer. He made up songs and sung 'em. He made up 'Swing Low Sweet Chariot' and 'Steal away to Jesus.' He made up lots more'n dem, but a Mr. Reid, a white man, liked dem ones de best and he could play music and he helped grandfather to keep dese two songs. I loves to hear 'em."] Willis received his name from his owner, Britt Willis, probably in Mississippi, the ancestral home of the Choctaws. He died, probably in what is now Atoka County, Oklahoma, as his unmarked grave is located there. [Oklahoma Historical Society, "Oklahoma Historic Sites Survey", p. 284: "Atoka County 9. Grave of "Uncle Wallace" Willis, Negro slave, composer of "Swing Low Sweet Chariot," etc., unmarked in Negro cemetery about 1 1/2 mi. S. Wilson School house."]

Prior to the Civil War, Willis and his wife, Aunt Minerva, were sent by their owner to work at the Spencer Academy where the superintendent, Reverend Alexander Reid, heard them singing. In 1871 Reid was at a performance of the Jubilee Singers and thought the songs he had heard the Willises singing were better than those of the Jubilee Singers. He furnished them to the group which performed them in the United States and Europe. [Flickinger, "The Choctaw Freedmen "and etc.: "In 1871, when the Jubilee singers first visited Newark, New Jersey, Rev. Alexander Reid happened to be there and heard them. The work of the Jubilee singers was new in the North and attracted considerable and very favorable attention. But when Prof. White, who had charge of them, announced several concerts to be given in different churches of the city he added, "We will have to repeat the Jubilee songs as we have no other." When Mr. Reid was asked how he liked them he remarked, "Very well, but I have heard better ones." When he had committed to writing a half dozen of the plantation songs he had heard "Wallace and Minerva" sing with so much delight at old Spencer Academy, he met Mr. White and his company in Brooklyn, New York, and spent an entire day rehearsing them. These new songs included, "Steal away to Jesus," "The Angels are Coming," "I'm a Rolling," and "Swing Low."] Many are now famous. It is said that Dvořák used the melody of "Swing Low, Sweet Chariot" in his "New World Symphony". [Hubbell, "An Introduction to Poetry", p. 28: "Perhaps the best of the old negro camp-meeting songs is 'Swing Low, Sweet Chariot,' the melody of which the Bohemian musician Dvořák used in his 'New World Symphony'."] The tune was also recorded by Eric Clapton, and is a popular song with supporters of the England rugby team.

It is sometimes claimed that the composer of the songs credited to Willis is unknown, but no record exists of any of them prior to the performances by the Jubilee Singers. [Flickinger, "The Choctaw Freedmen "and etc.:" "Uncle Wallace and Aunt Minerva were two of the colored workers that were employed at Spencer Academy, before the war. They lived together in a little cabin near it. In the summer evenings they would often sit at the door of the cabin and sing their favorite plantation songs, learned in Mississippi in their early youth."] [Debo, "Oklahoma", pp. 105-106: "Three Negro spirituals, well known and loved today, are said to have been composed in the 1840's by 'Uncle' Wallace Willis, a slave on a large plantation near Doaksville in the Choctaw Nation. The actual authorship and origin of spirituals can seldom actually be credited to individuals, but it is a matter of record that 'Uncle' Willis sang 'Swing Low, Sweet Chariot,' Steal Away to Jesus,' and 'I'm A Rollin' ' as he worked in the cotton fields of Reverend Alexander Reid, superintendent of a Choctaw boarding school."]

Compositions

*"I'm A Rollin'"
*"Swing Low, Sweet Chariot"
*"Steal Away To Jesus"
*"The Angels are Coming"

References

Bibliography

*Banks, Frances. "Narrative" from "The WPA Oklahoma Slave Narratives" edited by T. Lindsay Baker and Julie P. Baker (United States Work Projects Administration). University of Oklahoma Press, 1996. ISBN 0-8061-2792-9
*Debo, Angie; John M. Oskison (eds. Federal writers Project). "Oklahoma: A Guide to the Sooner State". University of Oklahoma Press, 1941.
*Flickinger, Robert Elliott. "The Choctaw Freedmen and the Story of Oak Hill Industrial Academy, Valliant, McCurtain County, Oklahoma". Pittsburgh: Presbyterian Board of Missions for Freedmen, 1914. University of Nebraska Press, 2004. ISBN 0-8032-4787-7
*Hubbell, Jay B.; John O. Beaty. "An Introduction to Poetry". The Macmillan Company, 1922.
*Wright, Muriel H. [http://digital.library.okstate.edu/Chronicles/v008/v008p065.html Early Navigation and Commerce Along the Arkansas and Red Rivers in Oklahoma"] . "Chronicles of Oklahoma" 8:1 (March 1930) 65-88.
*Oklahoma Historical Society. [http://digital.library.okstate.edu/Chronicles/v036/v036p282.pdf "Oklahoma Historit Sites Survey"] . "Chronicles of Oklahoma" 36:1 (1958) 282-314.

External links

* [http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/W/WI018.html Willis, Uncle Wallace and Aunt Minerva] —Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture.