Henry W. Howgate

Infobox Military Person
name=Henry W. Howgate


caption=
born=ca. 1834
died=June 2 1901
placeofbirth=
placeofdeath=Washington, D.C.
nickname=(alias) "H.W. Harrison", "Henry Williams"
allegiance=
branch= United States Army Signal Corps
serviceyears=1862-1866, 1867-1880
rank=Captain
unit=
commands=
battles=
awards=
relations=wife/Cordelia Day Howgate
mistress/Nellie Burrell
laterwork=reporter; antique book dealerCapt. Henry W. Howgate (ca. 1834 – June 2 1901) was Chief Disbursing Officer in the United States Army Signal Corps and responsible for major Arctic explorations. He caused a scandal after embezzling over $133,000, slipping away from authorities while awaiting trial, running off with his mistress, and spending 13 years evading capture, in which time he evaded the Secret Service and Pinkertons Detective Agency, worked as a reporter, and ran a New York City antiquarian book shop.cite news |first=Kenn |last=Harper |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Henry Howgate |url=http://www.nunatsiaqnews.com/archives/2007/710/71026/opinionEditorial/columns.html |work= |publisher=Nunatsiaq News |date=October, 2007 |accessdate=2008-04-14]

Personal life

Howgate was the son of a British shopkeeper. At age 21, Howgate immigrated to the United States and worked as a reporter.

In 1866, he married Cordelia Day (b. June 8, 1837), daughter of Uriel Day and Olive (Sperry) Day of Macomb County, Michigan. [cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pivOuSudfAYC&pg=PA520&lpg=PA520&dq=howgate+cordelia&source=web&ots=mdSvkuoPmd&sig=ru6_8u3_6ugV1w675rgmVceINb8&hl=en#PPA521,M1 |title=Past and Present of Macomb County, Michigan |last=Eldredge |first=Robert F. |year=1905 |publisher=S.J. Clarke |location= |pages=521 |asin=B000892BF0] [cite news |title=Capt. Howgate's Property |url=http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9405E0D81730EE3ABC4E51DFBE66838A699FDE |work=.pdf |publisher="The New York Times" |date=1881-08-26 |accessdate=2008-04-16] Howgate and Cordelia had one daughter, born in 1866.

Howgate met Nellie Burrell of Saline County, Nebraska, early in his military career. She got a job and worked as a hostess in the Treasury Department in Washington, D.C. through the influence of Senator Algernon Paddock. [cite news |title= Howgate's Land Investments |url=http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9E02EFDA1531E033A25757C0A9669D94659ED7CF |work=.pdf |publisher="The New York Times" |date=1894-10-04 |accessdate=2008-04-16] [cite news |title= Capt. Howgate is guilty |url=http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9D0DE1D9103AE533A25751C2A9609C94649ED7CF |work=.pdf |publisher="The New York Times" |date=1895-06-22 |accessdate=2008-04-16] She remained Howgate's mistress for most of his life.

Military career

In 1862, Howgate became a Second Lieutenant with the 22nd Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment, and, in 1863, he became a First Lieutenant in the U.S. Signal Corps. By 1866, he got out of the Army, returned to Michigan, married, and had a daughter. Then in 1867, he joined the 20th Infantry before re-joining the Signal Corps where he served as property and disbursing officer before becoming responsible for planning all polar expeditions. Under his auspices, he was responsible for polar expeditions at a time when several countries were also supporting polar exploration and scientific studies. Fascinated with the Arctic, Howgate developed an extensive library of Arctic literature. [cite web |url=http://209.85.173.104/search?q=cache:xNQncJb3vekJ:pubs.aina.ucalgary.ca/arctic/Arctic38-2-150.pdf+howgate+expedition+1880+-wiki&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=20&gl=us&client=firefox-a |title=Adolphus Washington Greely |accessdate=2008-04-22 |last=Todd |first=Alden |date= |work=Arctic Profiles |publisher=University of Calgary]

Howgate Preliminary Polar Expedition (1877–1878)

The Howgate Preliminary Polar Expedition had two phases.
* The 1877 phase was tasked with establishing relationships with local "Esquimaux", promoting scientific experiments, and whaling as a source of revenue. [cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CaSRvt0vd8cC&pg=PA102&lpg=PA102&dq=Howgate+polar+expedition+Tyson+Florence&source=web&ots=B9QJCNrjid&sig=1YLUQQErOuTaeXxRqp0OUIhAuN4&hl=en#PPA10,M1 |title=The cruise of the Florence; or, Extracts from the journal of the preliminary Arctic expedition of 1877-'78. |last=Tyson |first=George E. |coauthors=Howgate, Henry W. |year=1879 |publisher=J.J. Chapman |location=Washington, D.C. |oclc=6180781] Its vessel, the 1851 Wells, Maine built schooner "Florence", was a fair sea-boat, but too small for the mission at 56 ton fore and aft. The "Florence" was captained by George Emory Tyson (1829—1906), Master, who had been Assistant Master/Navigator of the "Polaris" under Capt. Charles Francis Hall. The "Florence" crew of 13 included Ludwig Kumlien (naturalist, of the Smithsonian Institution and son of Thure Kumlien), Orray Taft Sherman (meterologist/photographer of Yale University), and a group of New London mariners. [cite news |title=The Howgate Polar Enterprise |url=http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9B0CEFD8163EE73BBC4B53DFBE66838C669FDE |publisher="The New York Times" |date=1877-08-03 |accessdate=2008-04-14]
* The 1878 phase, to be captained by Howgate, was to join forces with the first crew, and establish polar colonization. [cite journal |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CSMDAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA234&lpg=PA234&dq=howgate+abigail&source=web&ots=EyaZKcNuiG&sig=FMYFtNE_IawX0UBb2QuK9M6l8l0&hl=en |title=The Magazine of American History with Notes and Queries |accessdate=2008-04-16 |last=Stevens |first=John Austin |coauthors=Compiled by Abbatt, William |year=1893 |publisher=A.S. Barnes |pages=234 |oclc=18894531]

The "Florence" left New London, Connecticut on August 2, 1877 and first anchored at Niantilic Harbour, western Cumberland Sound, on September 12. It reached the winter harbor of Annanactook, Cumberland Sound, (coord|66|28|N|68|45|W) on October 6. While at Annanactook, Mr. Kumlien and Mr. Sherman engaged in notable scientific work, assisted by local "Esquimaux". [cite news |title=The Howgate Polar Expedition: New-London {Conn.} "Telegram" |url=http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9E0DE0DC133FE63BBC4E52DFB166838C669FDE |publisher="The New York Times" |date=1877-07-16 |accessdate=2008-04-14] cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=_j-51-TXjMwC&pg=PA310&lpg=PA310&dq=howgate+polar+expedition&source=web&ots=1Msr9RTcdb&sig=OkC25ci7XLEjIKlORax-e-wRR9g&hl=en |title=Science and the Canadian Arctic : a century of exploration, 1818-1918 |last=Levere |first=Trevor Harvey |year=1993 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |pages=310 |isbn=0521524911]

The "Florence" was unable to leave Annanactook until early July, and when it did embark, on July 5 1878, it was pressed ten miles east by ice floe before making Kickatiue Island. The expedition arrived in Godhavn Harbor on July 31. There, Tyson learned that the government expedition steamer they were expecting to join forces with had been deferred. With phase one complete and phase two abandoned, the "Florence" sailed home August 22, reaching Boston harbor on October 30 1878. [cite news |title=The Howgate Polar Expedition |url=http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9A02E1DB153EE73BBC4051DFBF668383669FDE |publisher="The New York Times" |date=1878-07-28 |accessdate=2008-04-14] [cite web |url=http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Wilson/v049n02/p0085-p0090.html |title="Wilson Bulletin", June, 1936, XLVIII, pp. 86-93 |accessdate=2008-04-14 |publisher=unm.edu] [cite news |title=The Cruise of the Florence, additional details of the expedition, Capt. Tyson's disbelief in the existence of an open polar sea |url=http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9805E7DC1038EE3BBC4051DFB6678383669FDE |publisher="The New York Times" |date=1878-10-28 |accessdate=2008-04-14]

Howgate Arctic Expedition (1880)

The 1880 Howgate Arctic Expedition was tasked with scientific and geographical exploration of Greenland in preparation for an 1881 International Polar Year expeditionary force and Arctic colonization. However, the Army and Navy decided, in June 1880, to withdraw support of the Howgate Arctic Expedition as the expeditionary vessel, the steamship "Gulnare", was unseaworthy. Howgate, not to be deterred, found private funding. [cite news |title= Notes from Washington |url=http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9C05EFDA1630EE3ABC4E52DFB066838B699FDE |work=pdf |publisher="The New York Times" |date=1880-06-15 |accessdate=2008-04-15]

The "Gulnare" departed in July, captained by Lt. Gustavus Cheyney Doane. The crew included Sgt. David Legg Brainard, [cite book |pages=85 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=e0tzRbahzckC&pg=PA85&lpg=PA85&dq=howgate+expedition+1880+-wiki&source=web&ots=31Arvy66lp&sig=kfZ7PAdmHoDDdGyhsODcyTyejNI&hl=en |title=Who's Who in New York City and State |last=Hamersly |first=Lewis Randolph
year=1904 |publisher=L.R. Hamersley Co. |location=New York City |oclc=1673904] Dr. Octave Pavy (surgeon/naturlaist) and Mr. Henry ("Harry") Independence Clay (1849—1884). [cite book |pages=205 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pXbYITw4ZesC&pg=PA205&lpg=PA205&dq=howgate+expedition+1880+-wiki&source=web&ots=bxvdyKIjTb&sig=f7fru9akBDEXm0MAbdIRYIe3Xao&hl=en#PPA205,M1 |title=The Encyclopedia of Louisville |last=Kleber |first=John E. |year=2000 |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |location=Louisville, KY |isbn=0813121000] [Apple, Lindsey, "In search of a star: a Kentucky Clay goes to the Arctic". "Filson Club History Quarterly" 71 (Jan. 1977): 3-26] On August 3rd, in a heavy gale, the "Gulnare" was damaged, but worse yet, it lost a deck boat and the entire deck load. The steamer reached Disko on August 8th and steamer repairs lasted through August 21st. Dr. Pavy did not join the crew for the home voyage, instead staying in Greenland to continue scientific studies. [cite news |title=The Gulnare's Arctic Voyage |url=http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9C0CEEDF153FEE3ABC4E51DFBF66838B699FDE |work=pdf |publisher="The New York Times" |date=1880-09-26 |accessdate=2008-04-15] [cite web |url=http://www.arcticwebsite.com/greelyDrPavy.html |title=Dr. Pavy and the Polar Expedition |accessdate=2008-04-15 |last=Pavy |first=Lilla May |date=1886 |publisher=arcticwebsite.com]

"The steamer "Gulnare" returned to this port (St. John's, Newfoundland), last night, having failed to accomplish the object of her mission. On the 5th of August, only a few days after leaving, she encountered a severe gale, during which she lost her deck cargo and davits, and sustained some damage to her hull. No field ice was met with, but a large number of icebergs were seen, and the weather throughout proved very unfavorable. The Gulnare reached Disco and landed the Doctor and the Secretary, but was unable to proceed farther North." (The St. John's Evening Telegram, September 25, 1880) [cite news |title=Howgate Expedition |url=http://ngb.chebucto.org/Newspaper-Obits/twil-sun-1880-sep-oct.shtml |work= |publisher="Twillingate Sun" |date=1880-09-25 |accessdate=2008-04-15]

Lt. Doane placed expedition failure upon the "Gulnare" and reported: [cite news |title=Polar sarcasm, Lieut. Doane, of the Howgate expedition, presents an ironical report. |url=http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=9801E6DC133CEE3ABC4952DFB266838A699FDE&oref=slogin |work=pdf |publisher="The New York Times" |date=1881-04-11 |accessdate=2008-04-15]

"The cruise of the "Gulnare" is the first acknowledged failure in Arctic annals. We did but little, but left a great many things undone requiring some moral courage to refrain from doing. We did not change the names of all the localities visited, as is customary, nor give them new latitudes to the bewilderment of the general reader. We do not dispute anyone's attained distance not declare it impossible that he should have been where he was. We did not hunt up nameless islands and promontories to tag them with the surnames... We did not even erect cenotaphs... We received no flags, converted no natives, killed no one... The object of this report is to expose a few of the specious pleas, fallacious reasonings, and ill-grounded conjectures which are called scientific, and to place the subject of circumpolar exploration on a basis of facts and reasonable probabilities. One cannot explore the earth's surface from an observatory, nor by mathematics, nor by the power of logic. It must be done physically.

International Polar Year preparation

Howgate was active in soliciting international support, including with the French Société de Géographie d'Anvers, [cite book |pages=149, 150, 159, 231, 235, 236, 233, 234, 236, 196 |format=pdf |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=KGMFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA235&lpg=PA235&dq=%22Henry+William+Howgate%22&source=web&ots=3YX1HnMy_w&sig=ftxoZXLhJHXGzBl0_ElbgGDT1zg&hl=en#PPP5,M1 |title=Bulletin de la Société de géographie d'Anvers |last=Société de géographie d'Anvers |year=1879 |publisher=Impr. Guil. van Merlen |location=Anvers |oclc=34564166] for the "Howgate Plan", his vision of an Arctic colony.

Karl Weyprecht, an officer in the Austro-Hungarian Navy who co-led, with Julius von Payer the 1872—1874 Austro-Hungarian North Pole Expedition that discovered Franz Josef Land made a presentation at the 48th Meeting of German Scientists and Physicians in 1875, where he, too, made recommendations for establishment of fixed Arctic observation stations. [cite web |url=http://members.eunet.at/castaway/history/history.html |title=History of the Austrian Polar Exploration |accessdate=2008-04-22 |last=Koerbel |first=Hermann F. |date=2003 |work= |publisher=eunet.at] In Spencer Fullerton Baird's 1877 Annual Record of Science and Industry, he states that Weyprecht, and others, made recommendations for manned polar stations at this year's International Congress of Meterologists, adding: [cite book |pages=64 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=SmQEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA64&lpg=PA64&dq=Weyprecht+International+Congress+Meteorologists&source=web&ots=GaEBvg4Yl0&sig=xPVij9N2bfvX0BTR3Pj7_5y-QpI&hl=en#PPA64,M1 |title=1877 Annual Record of Science and Industry |last=Baird |first=Spencer Fullerton |year=1878 |work= |publisher=Harper & Brothers |location=New York |oclc=6138330]

"As these proposed international Polar stations are for purely scientific observations, and as their plan so perfectly harmonizes with the Howgate plan of an Arctic colony, it is to be hoped that our own government will establish, at least, two such scientific stations..."

So while ultimately, the Howgate Expedition of 1880 was an immediate and complete failure, [cite web |url=http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-01/msu-eeo011607.php |title=Early explorer of Yellowstone finally gets his due |accessdate=2008-04-15 |last=Scott |first=Kim Allen |date=2007-01-16 |publisher=eurekalert.org] Howgate was able to pocket hundreds of thousands of dollars to plan a new expedition to coincide with the First International Polar Year (IPY). Named the "Lady Franklin Bay Expedition" (LFBE), its purpose was to establish and sustain, with adequate supplies, an Arctic colony near the northeastern tip of Ellesmere Island. [cite news |title=The Lady Franklin Bay Expedition |url=http://www.arcticwebsite.com/GreelyLFBExpedition.html |publisher="New York Sun" |date=1881 |accessdate=2008-04-14] It was based on assumptions that Lady Franklin Bay could be reached every summer by ship, and that ships hindered Arctic adaptation. The colony was to be dropped off and left on its own in 1881 near the coal seam found previously by George Nares, relief supplies were to arrive in 1882, and the expeditionary team was to be picked up in 1883. [cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=K_ALAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA417&lpg=PA417&dq=proteus+greely&source=web&ots=lWPmlAoqib&sig=tnoISQLWozFb9vQfZ-dk4k74Hl0&hl=en#PPA424,M1 |last=Andrews |first=E. B. |year=1903 |title=The United States in our own time; a history from reconstruction to expansion; being an extension of The history of the last quarter century |location=New York |publisher=C. Scribner's Sons. |pages=424-430 |oclc=670878]

Though it was clear that some shared Howgate's enthusiasm for manned Arctic Circle stations, others didn't. Capt. Sir. Frederick Evans, hydrographer with the British Admiralty, made negative comments about the IPY LFBE proposal:

"This... appears to be a renewal of the Howgate Expedition of 1880... which was unsuccessful. There is now engrafted on the Howgate Expedition the taking part in a scheme (not yet matured) for various nations to found stations in the Arctic Circle... the time available, the money voted, the means proposed, all appear to be equally inadequate for the contemplated purpose."

Legal problems

Fearing his embezzlement of government funds would soon be discovered, Howgate resigned his military commission December 7 1880. [cite web |url=http://supreme.justia.com/us/166/571/ |title=U.S. Supreme Court, Moses v. United States, 166 U.S. 571 (1897) |accessdate=2008-04-17 |date=1897-04-19 |work= |publisher=supreme.justia.com] In 1881, the Signal Corps was in turmoil over allegations of fraud, scandals, and embezzlement. An investigation began into Howgate's handling of fraudulent U.S. Government vouchers, totaling up to $237,000. Some alleged that Signal Service employees assisted Howgate with the embezzlement. [cite web |url=http://www.weather.gov/pa/history/signal.php |title=THE BEGINNING OF THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE:THE SIGNAL YEARS (1870 - 1891) AS VIEWED BY EARLY WEATHER PIONEERS |accessdate=2008-04-16 |last=Grice |first=Gary K. |coauthors= |date=2004-10-28 |work= |publisher=weather.gov] August 15th, Howgate was arrested at the Avery House (notable for bath treatments) in Mount Clemens, Michigan. [cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=THqCbFfxsbAC&pg=PA517&lpg=PA517&dq=%22macomb+county%22+howgate&source=web&ots=XHrX4PtNHu&sig=NRADRJgf5TbJAYQafKKNgFpjCuk&hl=en |pages=517 |last=Leeson, M. A. (1980). "History of Macomb County, Michigan: containing ... biographical sketches, portraits of prominent men and early settlers : the whole preceded by a history of Michigan". Chicago: Leeson |oclc=6930550] The U.S. Government began actions August 24th to recover $133,000 from Howgate.

Lady Franklin Bay Expedition (1881–1884)

Expedition plans continued despite Howgate's sudden departure and the subsequent investigation. The "Proteus", captained by Lt. Adolphus Greely of Fifth United States Cavalry, with astronomer Edward Israel, and a crew of 21 officers and men left St. John's in early July 1881. They picked up Dr. Pavy and Mr. Clay who had continued scientific studies instead of returning on the "Florence" with the remainder of the Howgate 1880 Expedition. [cite journal |pages=103 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=oRoCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA103&lpg=PA103&dq=howgate+expedition+1880+-wiki&source=web&ots=cuBXUv4MpV&sig=P9cr287XdFru8aV7LcVHbknj-Mk&hl=en
last=Shrady, G. F., & Stedman, T. L. |title=Medical Record
date=1884-07-05—1884-12-27 |publisher=William Wood & Co. |location=New York |volume=26 |oclc=1757009] The "'Proteus" arrived at Lady Franklin Bay by July 11, dropped off men and provisions, and left. In the following months, Lt. James B. Lockwood and Sgt. David L. Brainard achieved a new "farthest north" record of 83°24'.

The "Neptune", laden with relief supplies, set out in July 1882 but, cut-off by ice and weather, Capt. Beebe, was forced to leave some supplies at Smith Sound in August, and the remaining provisions in Newfoundland, with plans for their delivery the following year.

In 1883, new rescue attempts of the "Proteus", commanded by Lt. Ernest Garlington and the "Yantic", commanded by Cdr. Frank Wildes, USN, failed. With starvation, illness, and injury killing off his men, Greely, desperate, decided to head south. The surviving men, finding 40 days worth of relief supplies at Cape Sabine, Pim Island, made winter camp there in October 1883.

In 1884, Secretary of the Navy, William E. Chandler, was credited with planning the ensuing rescue effort, commanded by Cdr. Winfield Schley. While four vessels (the "Bear", the "Thetis", the British government's "Alert", and the "Loch Garry") made it to Greely's camp on June 22nd, only seven men survived to be rescued. [cite web |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-30422845.html |title=Ghosts of Cape Sabine: the harrowing true story of the Greely expedition |accessdate=2008-04-14 |last=Guttridge |first=Leonard F. |coauthors= |date=2000-09-01 |work= |publisher=Arctic Institute of North America of the University of Calgary] [Stein, Stephen K (December 2006). "The Greely Relief Expedition and the New Navy", "International Journal of Naval History"]

Indictment

Howgate was indicted for embezzlement in 1882, but slipped away from authorities April 13 1882 while on a court-supervised visit to his mistress' home. In abstentia, a judgement against Howgate was made May 24, 1883, in the amount of $101,000, plus interest.cite web |url=http://www.oscn.net/applications/oscn/deliverdocument.asp?citeid=414736 |title=U.S. Supreme Court, MOSES v. U S, 166 U.S. 571 (1897) |accessdate=2008-04-14 |date=1897-04-19 |work= |publisher=oscn.net]

Secretary of War, Robert Todd Lincoln, authorized Secret Service operatives to stake out Howgate's possible hiding place in New Orleans, but, spotting them, Howgate and mistress departed quickly for Nebraska. There, Howgate visited former Signal Corps officer, now attorney, Albert S. Cole, for assistance to file a claim that the government actually owed Howgate money. Howgate moved on to Escanaba, Michigan where he assumed the alias "H.W. Harrison" and worked as a reporter. Afraid that the Secret Service couldn't capture Howgate, Lincoln hired the Pinkerton Detective Agency, who tried but failed to bribe Cole for information on Howgate's whereabouts.

Capture

Howgate was captured September 28, 1894 in New York City, and spent the night at the Ludlow Street Jail. He was using the alias "Henry Williams", and leading the life of an old book/print dealer at 80 Fourth Avenue, New York City. Howgate was living with Burrell (alias "Mrs. Williams") at 195 West Tenth Street in New York City. Howgate was brought before Judge Charles Linnaeus Benedict who signed the arrest warrant. The New York Times reported Howgate was accused of embezzling $370,000 from the U.S. Government. [cite news |title=Howgate must go to Washington |url=http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=9F06EFDB1131E033A2575AC2A96F9C94659ED7CF&oref=slogin |work=.pdf |publisher="The New York Times" |date=1894-09-29 |accessdate=2008-04-16] Found guilty of numerous crimes, Howgate served time in the Albany Penitentiary.

Release

Upon release in December 1900, Howgate moved to his daughter's home in Washington D.C. where he died of a cerebral hemorrhage in 1901.cite news |title=Henry W. Howgate Dead |url=http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=9E00E3DF123BE63AA15751C0A9609C946097D6CF&oref=slogin |work= |publisher="The New York Times" |date=1901-06-01 |accessdate=2008-04-14]

Works

*citation |last=—. (1879). "Congress and the North Pole: an abstract of Arctic legislation in the Congress of the United States". (Kansas City, Mo.): Kansas City Review of Science and Industry. |oclc=32624028
*citation |last=—. (1881). "Notes on Florida prepared with special reference to the Howgate grant, on Lake George". New York: B.H. Tyrrel, printer. |oclc=31164549
*citation |last=—. (1877). "Polar colonization the preliminary Arctic expedition of 1877". Washington?: s.n. |isbn=0665070292
*citation |last=—. (1870). "U.S. Signal Office circulars, 1870-1873". United States. Army. Signal Corps. Division of Telegrams and Reports for the Benefit of Commerce and Agriculture. |oclc=46980832
*citation |last=Tyson, G. E., & Howgate, H. W. (1879). "The cruise of the Florence; or, Extracts from the journal of the preliminary Arctic expedition of 1877-'78". Washington, D.C.: J.J. Chapman. |isbn=0665152868

References

External links

* [http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/dgkeysearchdetail.cfm?trg=1&strucID=615697&imageID=1262180&parent_id=615103&word=&snum=&s=&notword=&d=&c=&f=&sScope=&sLevel=&sLabel=&total=1&num=0&imgs=12&pNum=&pos=1 Photo, Capt. Howgate]