Matsukata Kojiro

Entrance plaza at National Museum of Western Art.

In this Japanese name, the family name is "Matsukata".

Matsukata Kōjirō (松方 幸次郎^?, January 17, 1865 - June 24, 1950) was an early 20th-century businessman who devoted his life and fortune to amassing a collection of Western art which, he hoped, would become the nucleus of a Japanese national museum focused particularly on masterworks of the Western art tradition. Although his plans were not realized in his lifetime, his vision is commemorated in Japan's National Museum of Western Art (NMWA) in Ueno, central Tokyo.^[1]

Rodin's "The Thinker" near the entrance of the National Museum of Western Art.

Background

A "Thinker"-like detail above the closed doors of the entrance at Rodin's "Gates of Hell" in front of the National Museum of Western Art.

Rodin's "Gates of Hell" near entrance to NMWA in Tokyo.

Matsukata was the third son of the early Meiji Period Finance Minister and genrō, Matsukata Masayoshi.^[2] After being educated in the United States at Rutgers Preparatory School, an elite college preparatory school in New Jersey, he became president of Kawasaki Shipbuilding Company (Kawasaki Shōzō) in 1896 and then went on to become^[3] head of Kowasaki Dockyards from 1916 through 1923.

The financial success he enjoyed in the early part of the century was affected adversely by economic downturns in the 1920s and 1930s; but much of his art collection remained intact despite the collapse of his business interests.^[1]

Art collecting

Masukata invested his significant personal fortune in the acquisition of several thousand examples of Western painting, sculpture and decorative arts. He collected these art works throughout Europe, but primarily in Paris. Mutsukata bought the Rodin masterpiece, "Gates of Hell," which is currently to be seen at the Rodin Museum in Paris; and the sculptures on display in the NMWA entrance plaza were made from the same original molds.^[4] In the end, he hoped to see his collections in an art museum in Tokyo where visitors could come into direct contact with Western art;^[1] and he wanted the people of Tokyo to enjoy the same degree of easy access to great art which was available to Parisians.

Matsukata is also famous for his collection of ukiyo-e woodblock prints which had been scattered throughout the world. The 1925 exhibition of the woodblock prints Mtsukata collected abroad is thought to have been the first of its kind in Japan.^[5] Today approximately 8,000 ukiyo-e prints from the Matsukata collection are housed in the Tokyo National Museum.^[1]

Among these works collected by Matsukata, those known today as the NMWA Matsukata Collection remained in France after World War II; and as part of the San Francisco Peace Treaty, they were briefly confiscated by France. Although most were sent to Japan, 14 valuable paintings by Monet, Van Gogh, Courbet, Cézanne, and others were retained to fill in gaps in the French national collection.^[6] The remaining objects in the Matsukata collection totaled 370 works, including 196 paintings, 80 drawings, 26 prints and 63 sculptures -- including massive public statuary by Rodin which now grace the landscaped area in front of the entrance to NMWA.^[1] Each of the Rodin sculptures in the NMWA collection were cast from the original molds.^[6] In fact, as it happens, Matsukata was the one who paid for the best Rodin castings in France today, but he didn't quite manage to bring them back to Japan,^[7] which is how they fell into French hands at the end of World War II. The Matsukata Collection is in Tokyo today because France eventually gave these artworks to the Japanese people.^[1]

Matsukata was well-known as a good friend of Claude Monet. It has been reported that once, when Monet offered him the opportunity to buy whatever he wanted in the studio at Giverny, he purchased 18 paintings.^[6] His other artist friends included Frank Brangwyn, who assisted Matsukata in the acquisition of his collection. Brangwyn designed a gallery, the so-called Palace of Sheer Pleasure, which Matsukata intended to build in Tokyo.

He had originally intended to bring all these artworks to Japan, but he balked at the 100% tax imposed on imports. Much of what was stored in Britain was destroyed by fires during World War II; and much of what remained in Japan was also destroyed by Allied bombing during the Pacific War. The combination of factors which kept so much of his collecting activities intact was only seen by the Japanese public for the first time in 1959 when they visited the museum he had envisaged.^[6]

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f} NMWA collection
2. ^ "Article 4 -- No Title," New York Times. September 4, 1923.
3. ^ Greenfield, Liah. (2001). The Spirit of Capitalism: Nationalism and Economic Growth, p. 341.
4. ^ McChesney, Clara. "Rodin's Tomb a New Meca for Artists of the World; Sculptures Reassembled at Meudon Will Be Opened to Public -- Their Setting Is Beautiful and Impressive," New York Times. August 22, 1926.
5. ^ Checkland, Olive. (2002). Japan and Britain After 1859: Creating Cultural Bridges, p. 107.
6. ^ ^{a b c d} Falk, Ray. "French Art in Tokyo," New York Times. June 21, 1959.
7. ^ Michener, James A. (1983). The Floating World, p. 244.

References

• Checkland, Olive. (2002). Japan and Britain After 1859: Creating Cultural Bridges. London: Routledge. 10-ISBN 0-700-71747-1
• Greenfield, Liah. (2001). The Spirit of Capitalism: Nationalism and Economic Growth. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 10-ISBN 0-674-00614-3
• Michener, James A. (1983). The Floating World. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 10-ISBN 0-824-80873-8

External links

• National Museum of Western Art website