- Pomoan languages
Infobox Language family
name=Pomoan
altname=Kulanapan
region=California andOregon
familycolor=American
fam1=Hokan ?
map_caption=Pre-contact distribution of Pomoan languagesPomoan ("Phōmō," also called Kulanapan) is a family of
endangered language s spoken in northernCalifornia by thePomo people on thePacific Coast . According to the 2000 census, there are 255 speakers of the languages. Of these, 45 are between the ages of 5 and 17, including 15 with limited English proficiency.John Wesley Powell designated this group of languages as the Kulanapan family in 1891, and noted that its boundaries were the Pacific Ocean to the west,Yukian andCopehan territories to the east, the watershed of the Russian River to the north, andBodega Head and present-day location ofSanta Rosa, California to the south.Powell 1891:87-88]Family division
Pomoan consists of 7 languages, named for their geographic locations by Samuel Barrett in 1908:
: A. Western Pomoan:: 1.
Northern Pomo "(†)":: a. Southern subgroup::: i.Central Pomo ::: ii.Southern Pomo ::: iii.Kashaya (a.k.a. Southwestern Pomo, Kashia): B.Northeastern Pomo "(†)": C.Eastern Pomo language : D.Southeastern Pomo At the time of Barrett's classification these languages were thought to be dialects of a single language, yet the diversity and non-intelligibility between Pomoan languages has shown them to be seven distinct languages. Barrett's naming convention often leads those unfamiliar with the languages to the misconception that the Pomoan languages are dialects of one single Pomo language.
The "Kulanapan Family" in John Wesley Powell's 1891 classification of North American Languages included most of the communities now known to have spoken Pomoan languages. The term "Kulanapan" originated as the name of one Pomo band from the Clear Lake area, and was first applied to the whole Pomoan family by George Gibbs in 1853. Northern Pomo and Northeastern Pomo are now extinct (Northern Pomo in 1994). The remaining Pomoan languages are spoken by rapidly-diminishing handfuls of elderly speakers, with Kashaya having the most speakers.
Pomoan has been included in all formulations of the controversial Hokan language phylum.
ee also
*
Boontling - a descendant language.Notes
References
* Barrett, Samuel A. (1908). "The Ethno-Geography of the Pomo and Neighboring Indians". Berkeley: University of California Publications in Linguistics (Vol. 6).
* Campbell, Lyle. (1997). "American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America". New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
* Goddard, Ives (Ed.). (1996). "Languages". Handbook of North American Indians (W. C. Sturtevant, General Ed.) (Vol. 17). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0-16-048774-9.
* Mithun, Marianne. (1999). "The languages of Native North America". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
* Powell, John Wesley Powell. "Indian Linguistic Families Of America, North Of Mexico", Government Printing Office, Washington, 1891, pages 1-142. [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/17286/17286-8.txt]
* Sturtevant, William C. (Ed.). (1978-present). "Handbook of North American Indians" (Vol. 1-20). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. (Vols. 1-3, 16, 18-20 not yet published).External links
* [http://www.native-languages.org/pomo.htm Pomo (Yakaya, Yokaia, Shanel, Kábinapek)] (Native Languages of the Americas)
* [http://www.native-languages.org/kashaya.htm Kashaya (Kashia, Southwestern Pomo)] (Native Languages of the Americas)
* [http://www.mip.berkeley.edu/cilc/bibs/pomo.kashaya.html Pomo/Kashaya Bibliography]
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=92486 Ethnologue: Pomo]
* [http://www.kstrom.net/isk/art/basket/pomohist.html Pomo People: Brief History]
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