Red Paint People

The Red Paint People are a pre-Columbian culture indigenous to the New England and Atlantic Canada regions of North America. They were named after their burials, which used large quantities of ochre, normally red, to cover both bodies and grave goods. Sometimes they are known as the Moorehead Phase of the Laurentian Tradition or the Moorehead burial tradition after Warren K. Moorehead who brought them widely to the attention of scientists. They flourished between 3000 BCE and 1000 BCE. Alternatively, they can be called by the period in which they lived, either the "Maritime Archaic" (emphasizing a coastal and seafaring culture) or "Late Archaic" (emphasizing time and leaving open the possibility of living inland seasonally), although these terms often cover the longer period from 5000 BCE to 1000 CE. Multiple hypotheses exist as to which if any later peoples might be their descendents and there is little archaeological evidence to support any hypothesis.

Their burial culture was more elaborate than any subsequent culture in the area. In the southern portion of their range, they were succeeded by the Susquehana culture which used pottery, and no evidence of their stoneworking techniques is found in that culture.

Lifestyle and technology

They lived on the coasts and rivers, fishing and hunting. Some coastal sites show evidence of year-round occupation, discrediting an older theory that they were seasonal nomads, living the summers on the coast and the winters inland. The diet included sea fish, anadromous fish, shellfish, meat, berries, acorns, nuts and roots. They had boats capable of catching swordfish, as well as stone and bone tools. No pottery or metal tools have been found in sites associated with this culture. Their trading range is known to have extended from Labrador to the New York side of Lake Champlain, and the culture covered most of this area.

Scientific investigation

The graves with red paint were known as early as the 1840s, but the first scientific examination was in 1892, led by a Harvard professor and assisted by Charles Willoughby. Willoughby exhibited a scale model of the dig at the Chicago Columbian Exposition in 1893. It caught the attention of Moorehead, who did more digs and published research about them from 1912 to the 1920s. He described them as older than other cultures of the area. This was disputed until radiometric dating proved Moorehead correct. In the 1930s, one theory for their disappearance was that they had been killed by tidal waves caused by coastal subsidence. This is no longer believed.

References

• Rolde, Neil (1990). Maine: A Narrative History. Harpswell Press. pp. 2–4. ISBN 0-88448-069-0. 
• C.M. Aikens; K. M. Ames; and D. Sanger (1986). "Affluent Collectors at the Edges of Eurasia and North America: Some Comparisons and Observations on the Evolution of Society among North-Temperate Coastal Hunter-Gatherers". The University Museum: the University of Tokyo: Bulletin (University of Tokyo) 27. http://www.um.u-tokyo.ac.jp/publish_db/Bulletin/no27/no27003.html. Retrieved 2007-01-01. 
• Robinson, Brian (2004-01-10). "The Red Paint People". http://www.seacoastnh.com/history/prehistoric/redpaint.html. Retrieved 2007-01-01. 
• Alward, Brian; Atherton, Morgan. "Time Range". The Red Paint People. Archived from the original on 2006-09-09. http://web.archive.org/web/20060909174742/http://www.usm.maine.edu/gany/webaa/newpage3.htm. Retrieved 2007-01-01. 
• Alward, Brian; Atherton, Morgan. "Turner Farm". The Red Paint People. Archived from the original on 2006-09-09. http://web.archive.org/web/20060909174451/http://www.usm.maine.edu/gany/webaa/turner_farm.htm. Retrieved 2007-01-01.