Bacterial patterns

The formation of patterns in the growth of bacterial colonies has extensively been studied experimentally. Resulting morphologies appear to depend on the growth conditions. They include well known morphologies such as Dense branched morphology (DBM) or Diffusion-limited aggregation (DLA), buch much complex patterns and temporal behaviour can be found.

A large number of studies on pattern formation in bacterial colonies have been performed in Bacillus subtilis and in Proteus mirabilis.

Some images of patterns in bacterial growth can be found in:

http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/articles/05_03/stress_art.shtml

http://star.tau.ac.il/~eshel/gallery.html

Mathematical modeling of colony growth can reproduce the observed morphologies and the effect of environmental changes. Employed models include:

- Reaction–diffusion system

- Cellular automata

Colonies of Bacillus subtilis

Colonies of Bacillus subtilis on a Petri dish can grow under controlled conditions. By varying agar concentration (which permits the control of the hardness of the medium), and the nutrient concentration, the response of the colony to external stresses can be studied. The different morphologies appear in the following growth conditions:

- High nutrients level, hard medium: Eden-like growthhttp://www.phys.chuo-u.ac.jp/labs/matusita/images/BacteriaFig/B_eden.htm

- High nutrients level, semi-soft hardness of medium: Periodical growth forming concentric ringshttp://www.phys.chuo-u.ac.jp/labs/matusita/images/BacteriaFig/B_concentric.htm

-High nutrients level, soft medium: homogeneous, disk-like growthhttp://www.phys.chuo-u.ac.jp/labs/matusita/images/BacteriaFig/B_fisher.htm

- Low nutrients level, hard medium: DLA growthhttp://www.phys.chuo-u.ac.jp/labs/matusita/images/BacteriaFig/B_dla.htm

- Low nutrients level, soft medium: DBM growthhttp://www.phys.chuo-u.ac.jp/labs/matusita/images/BacteriaFig/B_dbm.htm

A complete morphological diagram can then be drawn by varying growth conditions: http://www.phys.chuo-u.ac.jp/labs/matusita/images/BacteriaFig/Bacillus.jpg

These different morphologies can be obtained from a reaction-diffusion model. This kind of model is useful to asses which mechanisms are relevant for the different morphologies. The complete morphological diagram can be obtained by using two fields, density of bacteries and nutrient concentration, and taking into account that bacteries can increase motility in response to adverse external conditions. That means that diffusion in the medium and the response of bacteria are the relevant factors in this particular case.

References

* [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TVG-3T02YJ9-2J&_user=1517299&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000053450&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=1517299&md5=91806461d8835d34d4f39bdd0ea56a5b M. Matsushita et al. Physica A 249, 517-524 (1998)] Experiments on Bacillus subtilis by Matsushita et al.

* [http://prola.aps.org/abstract/PRE/v59/i6/p7036_1 A. Lacasta et al. Phys. Rev. E 59, 7036 - 7041 (1999)] (and [http://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/9904367 here] ) Reaction-diffusion model for Bacillus Subtilis.