Hydrogen iodide

Chembox new
Name = Hydrogen iodide
ImageFile = Hydrogen-iodide-2D-dimensions.png ImageName = Hydrogen iodide
ImageFile1 = Hydrogen-iodide-3D-vdW.svg
ImageName1 = Hydrogen iodide
IUPACName = Hydrogen iodide
OtherNames = hydroiodic acid
Section1 = Chembox Identifiers
CASNo = 10034-85-2
RTECS = MW3760000
Section2 = Chembox Properties
Formula = HI
MolarMass = 127.904 g/mol
Appearance = Colorless gas.
Density = 2.85 g/mL (-47 °C)
MeltingPt = –50.80 °C (184.55 K)
BoilingPt = –35.36 °C (237.79 K)
Solubility in water = approximately 232 g/ml
pKa = –10
Section3 = Chembox Structure
MolShape = Terminus
Dipole = 0.38 D
Section7 = Chembox Hazards
ExternalMSDS = [http://www.camd.lsu.edu/msds/h/hydrogen_iodide.htm hydrogen iodide]
[http://ptcl.chem.ox.ac.uk/MSDS/HY/hydroiodic_acid.html hydroiodic acid]
MainHazards = Toxic, corrosive.
NFPA-H = 3
NFPA-F =
NFPA-R = 1
NFPA-O = COR
FlashPt = Non-flammable.
RPhrases = R20, R21, R22, R35
SPhrases = S7, S9, S26, S45
Section8 = Chembox Other
OtherAnions = Fluoride
Chloride
Bromide

Hydrogen iodide (HI) is a diatomic molecule. Aqueous solutions of HI are known as hydroiodic acid or hydriodic acid, a strong acid. Hydrogen iodide and hydroiodic acid are, however, different in that the former is a gas under standard conditions; whereas, the other is an aqueous solution of said gas. They are interconvertible. HI is used in organic and inorganic synthesis as one of the primary sources of iodine and as a reducing agent.

Properties of hydrogen iodide

HI is a colorless gas that reacts with oxygen to give water and iodine. With moist air, HI gives a mist (or fumes) of hydroiodic acid. It is exceptionally soluble in water, giving hydroiodic acid. One liter of water will dissolve 425 liters of HI, the final solution having only four water molecules per molecule of HI. [Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.]

Hydroiodic acid

Once again, although chemically related, hydroiodic acid is not pure HI but a mixture containing it. Commercial "concentrated" hydroiodic acid usually contains 48% - 57% HI by mass. The solution forms an azeotrope boiling at 127 °C with 57% HI, 43% water. Hydroiodic acid is one of the strongest of all the common halide acids because the electronegativity of iodine is weaker than the rest of the other common halides. The high acidity is caused by the dispersal of the ionic charge over the anion. The iodide ion is much larger than the other common halides which results in the negative charge being dispersed over a large space. By contrast, a chloride ion is much smaller, meaning its negative charge is more concentrated, leading to a stronger interaction between the proton and the chloride ion. This weaker H⁺---I⁻ interaction in HI facilitates dissociation of the proton from the anion, and is the reason HI is the strongest acid of the hydrohalides.

HI_(g) + H₂O_(l) → H₃O^_(aq)+ + I^-_(aq) K_a≈ 10¹⁰

HBr_(g) + H₂O_(l) → H₃O^_(aq)+ + Br^-_(aq) K_a≈ 10⁹

HCl_(g) + H₂O_(l) → H₃O^_(aq)+ + Cl^-_(aq) K_a≈ 10⁸

Preparation

The industrial preparation of HI involves the reaction of I₂ with hydrazine, which also yields nitrogen gas. [Greenwood, N.N. and A. Earnshaw. "The Chemistry of the Elements". 2nd ed. Oxford: Butterworth-Heineman. p 809-815. 1997.] ::2 I₂ + N₂H₄ → 4 HI + N₂When performed in water, the HI must be distilled.

HI can also be distilled from a solution of NaI or other alkali iodide in concentrated phosphoric acid (note that sulfuric acid will not work for acidifying iodides as it will oxidize the iodide to elemental iodine).

Another way HI may be prepared is by bubbling hydrogen sulfide steam through an aqueous solution of Iodine, forming hydroiodic acid (which is distilled) and elemental sulfur (this is filtered).

::H₂S +I₂ → 2 HI + S

Additionally HI can be prepared by simply combining H₂ and I₂. This method is usually employed to generate high purity samples.::H₂ + I₂ → 2 HI

For many years, this reaction was considered to involve a simple bimolecular reaction between molecules of H₂ and I₂. However, when a mixture of the gases is irradiated with the wavelength of light equal to the dissociation energy of I₂, about 578 nm, the rate increases significantly. This supports a mechanism whereby I₂ first dissociates into 2 iodine atoms, which each attach themselves to a side of an H₂ molecule and break the H -- H bond: [Holleman, A.F. Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry." San Diego: Academic Press. p 371, 432-433. 2001.]

::H₂ + I₂ + 578 nm radiation → H₂ + 2 I → I - - - H - - - H - - - I → 2 HI

In the laboratory, another method involves hydrolysis of PI₃, the iodine equivalent of PBr₃. In this method, I₂ reacts with phosphorus to create phosphorus triiodide, which then reacts with water to form HI and phosphorous acid.::3 I₂ + 2 P + 6 H₂O → 2 PI₃ + 6 H₂O → 6 HI + 2 H₃PO₃

Key reactions and applications

*HI will undergo oxidation if left open to air according to the following pathway:'::4 HI + O₂ → 2H₂O + 2 I₂::HI + I₂ → HI₃HI₃ is dark brown in color, which makes aged solutions of HI often appear dark brown.
*Like HBr and HCl, HI add to alkenes::HI + H₂C=CH₂ → H₃CCH₂I

HI is also used in organic chemistry to convert primary alcohols into alkyl halides. This reaction is an S_N2 substitution, in which the iodide ion replaces the "activated" hydroxyl group (water). HI is perfered over other hydrogen halides because the iodide ion is a much better nucleophile than bromide or chloride, so the reaction can take place at a reasonable rate without much heating. This reaction also occurs for secondary and tertiary alcohols, but substitution occurs via the S_N1 pathway.

HI (or HBr) can also be used to cleave ethers into alkyl iodides and alcohols, in a reaction simmilar to the substitution of alcohols. This type of cleavage is siginficant because it can be used to convert a chemically stableBruice, Paula Yurkanis. "Organic Chemistry" 4th ed. Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle River, N.J, 2003 p438-439, 452] and inert ether into more reactive species. In this example diethyl ether is cleaved into ethanol and iodoethane. The reaction is regioselective, as iodide tends to attack the less sterically hindered ether carbon.

HI is subject to the same Markovnikov and anti-Markovnikov guidelines as HCl and HBr.
*HI reduces certain α-substituted ketones and alcohols replacing the α substituent with a hydrogen atom.Breton, G. W., P. J. Kropp, P. J.; Harvey, R. G. “Hydrogen Iodide” in Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis (Ed: L. Paquette) 2004, J. Wiley & Sons, New York. DOI: 10.1002/047084289.]

Illicit Use of Hydroiodic Acid

Hydroiodic acid is currently listed as a Federal DEA List I Chemical. Owing to its usefulness as a reducing agent, reduction with HI and red phosphorus has become the most popular method to produce methamphetamine in the United States. Clandestine chemists react pseudoephedrine (recovered from decongestant pills) with hydroiodic acid and red phosphorus under heat, HI reacts with psuedoephedrine to form iodoephedrine, an intermediate which is reduced primarily to methamphetamine [Skinner, Harry F. "Methamphetamine Synthesisvia HI/Red Phosphorous Reduction of Ephedrine". Forensic Science International, 48 128-134 (1990)] . This reaction is stereoselective, producing (D)-methamphetamine. Due to its listed status and closely monitored sales, clandestine chemists now use red phosphorus and iodine to generate hydroiodic acid "in situ" [Skinner HF. "Identification and quantitation of hydriodic acid manufactured from iodine, red phosphorus and water" . Journal of the Clandestine Laboratory Investigation Chemists Association 1995;5(4):12; Microgram 1995;28(11):349] .

Footnotes

References

Nishikata, E., T.; Ishii, and T. Ohta. “Viscosities of Aqueous Hydrochloric Acid Solutions, and Densities and Viscosities of Aqueous Hydroiodic Acid Solutions”. J. Chem. Eng. Data. "26". 254-256. 1981.

External links

* [http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/cis/products/icsc/dtasht/_icsc13/icsc1326.htm International Chemical Safety Card 1326]