La Gioconda (opera)

"La Gioconda" is an opera in four acts by Amilcare Ponchielli to an Italian libretto by Arrigo Boito, based on "Angelo" by Victor Hugo. First performance: Teatro alla Scala, Milan, 8 April1876.

"La Gioconda" was a major success for Ponchielli, especially in its third and final version (Teatro alla Scala, Milan, March 28, 1880), as well as the most successful new Italian opera between Verdi's "Aida" (1871) and "Otello" (1887). It is also the most famous example of the Italian genre of "Grande opera", the equivalent of French "Grand-Opéra".

There are several recordings of the opera, and it is regularly performed, especially in Italy. It is one of only a few operas that features a principal role for each of the six major voice types.

Roles

ynopsis

The opera's title translates as "The Happy Woman", but is usually given in English as "The Ballad Singer". However, as this fails to convey the irony inherent in the original, the Italian is usually used. Each act of "La Gioconda" has a title.

:Place: Venice:Time: 17th century

Act 1 "The Lion's Mouth"

"The courtyard of the Doge’s Palace."

While everyone else is preoccupied with a regatta, Barnaba, a state spy, lustfully watches La Gioconda as she leads her blind mother, La Cieca, across the Square. When his amorous advances are firmly rejected, he exacts his revenge by denouncing the old lady as a witch whose evil powers influenced the outcome of the gondola race. It is only the intervention of a young sea captain that keeps the angry mob at bay.

Calm is restored at the approach of Alvise Badoero, a member of the Venetian Inquisition, and his wife, Laura. Laura places La Cieca under her personal protection, and in gratitude the old woman presents her with her most treasured possession, a rosary. The sharp-eyed Barnaba notices furtive behaviour between Laura and the sea captain indicating a secret relationship. Recalling that Laura was engaged to the now banished nobleman Enzo Grimaldi before her forced marriage to Alvise, Barnaba realises that the sea captain is Enzo in disguise.

Barnaba confronts Enzo, who admits his purpose in returning to Venice is to take Laura and begin a new life elsewhere. Barnabaknows that Gioconda is also infatuated with Enzo and he sees an opportunity to improve his chances with her by assisting Enzo with his plan of elopement.

When Enzo has gone Barnaba dictates a letter to Alvise revealing his wife’s infidelity and the lovers’ plan of escape. He is unaware that he has been overheard by Gioconda. The act ends with Barnaba dropping the letter into the Lion’s Mouth, where all secret information for the Inquisition is posted, while Gioconda laments Enzo’s perceived treachery, and the crowd returns to its festivities.

Act 2 "The Rosary"

"The deck of Enzo’s ship"

Enzo waits for Barnaba to row Laura out from the city to his vessel. Their joyful reunion is overshadowed by Laura’s fears as she does not trust Barnaba. Gradually Enzo is able to reassure her, and he leaves her on deck while he goes to prepare for their departure.

La Gioconda has been following Laura with the intention of exacting revenge from her rival. Alvise and his armed men are also in hot pursuit, but as Gioconda is about to stab Laura she sees her mother’s rosary hanging round her neck and has an instant change of heart. She hurries Laura into her boat so that she can evade her pursuers.

Enzo returns to the deck to find that Laura has fled leaving Gioconda triumphant. Furthermore Alvise’s men are rapidly approaching. He sets fire to the ship rather than let it fall into the hands of his enemies before diving into the lagoon.

Act 3 "The Ca' d'Oro (House of Gold)"

"Alvise’s palace"

Laura has been captured, and her vengeful husband insists she must die by poisoning herself. Once again Gioconda has followed and has found her way into the palace, this time with the intention of saving her rival. Finding Laura alone Gioconda replaces the phial of poison with a powerful drug which creates the appearance of death.

The second scene begins with Alvise welcoming his fellow members of the nobility to the palace; Barnaba and Enzo are amongst those present. Lavish entertainment is provided with the ballet the ‘’Dance of the Hours’’. The mood of revelry is shattered as a funeral bell begins to toll and the body of Laura is revealed awaiting burial. A distraught Enzo flings off his disguise and is promptly seized by Alvise’s men.

Act 4 "The Orfano Canal"

"A crumbling ruin on the island of Giudecca"

In exchange for Enzo’s release from prison, La Gioconda has agreed to give herself to Barnaba. When Enzo is brought in, he is initially furious when Gioconda reveals that she has had Laura’s body brought from its tomb. He is about to stab her when Laura’s voice is heard and Gioconda’s part in reuniting the lovers becomes clear. They make their escape, leaving La Gioconda to face the horrors awaiting her with Barnaba. She pretends to welcome his arrival, but under cover of decking herself in her jewellery she seizes a dagger and stabs herself to death.

In frustrated rage Barnaba tries to perpetrate one last act of evil, screaming at the lifeless body “Last night your mother offended me. I drowned her!”

Highlights

*"Voce di donna o d'angelo" (La Cieca)
*"O monumento" (Barnaba)
*"Cielo e mar" (Enzo)
*"Si! Morir ella de!" (Alvise)
*Dance of the Hours
*"Suicidio!" (Gioconda)

In popular culture

"The Dance of the Hours" section is considered one of the most popular ballet pieces in history. The ballet was spoofed in Walt Disney's classic Fantasia. The segment consists of the whole ballet, but performed comically by animals rather than humans. The dancers of the morning are represented by Madame Upanova and her ostriches. The dancers of the daytime are represented by Hyacinth Hippo and her servants. The dancers of the evening are represented by Elephanchine and her bubble-blowing elephant troupe. The dancers of the night are represented by Ben Ali Gator and his troop of alligators. All of the dancers rejoice in the great hall for a grand finale.

Another famous spoof of "The Dance of the Hours" is Allan Sherman's song "Hello Muddah, Hello Faddah", describing a miserable time at summer camp. It uses the main theme of the ballet as its melody.

Selected recordings

* 1952 - "La Gioconda" - Maria Callas, Gianni Poggi, Paolo Silveri, Fedora Barbieri, Giulio Neri - Coro e Orchestra della RAI Torino, Antonino Votto - (Cetra)

* 1967 - "La Gioconda" - Renata Tebaldi, Carlo Bergonzi, Robert Merrill, Marilyn Horne, Nicolai Ghiuselev - Coro e Orchestra dell'Accademia di Santa Cecilia, Lamberto Gardelli - (Decca)

References

* "The New Kobbe's Opera Book" edited by the Earl of Harewood and Antony Peattie. Ebury Press. London 1997. ISBN 0-09-181410-3
* "The New Grove Book of Operas" edited by Stanley Sadie. Macmillan Publishers Ltd. London 1996. ISBN 0-333-65107-3
* "The Viking Opera Guide" edited by Amanda Holden with Nicholas Kenyon and Stephen Walsh Penguin Group. London 1993. ISBN 0-670-81292-7
* [http://www.oldandsold.com/opera/opera-38.shtml Profile of "La Gioconda"]