Theorem
The curve defined by the parametric equations
:
:
has the same shape as the curve defined in polar coordinates by the equation
:
Proof
Starting from , and using the polar to cartesian formulas::and double angle formulas we get the cartesian parametric equations:
:
:
Simply replacing with t yields equations (1) and (2), with a shift to the left by r.
Another proof
Equations (1) and (2) define a cardioid whose cuspidal point is (r, 0). To convert to polar, the cusp should preferably be at the origin, so subtract from the abscissa. Replacing by yields
:
:
The polar radius is given by
:::
Expanding this yields
:We can simplify this by noticing that:
:
and
:
Thus,
:
::
::
Then, since
:
it follows that
:
:
Area derivation
The objective is to integrate the area of the cardioid whose equation in polar coordinates is:The integral is:.Integration with respect to "dr" yields:Distribute the integral among the three terms, and integrate the first two, to obtain:The second term vanishes, and integrating the third term yields:The last term within brackets vanishes, so that
::
Cardioids of any size are all similar to each other, so increasing the cardioid's linear size by a factor of "a" increases the cardioid's areal size by a factor of "a"2, "Q.E.D." ("return to article")