Media echo chamber

The term media echo chamber can refer to any situation in which information, ideas or beliefs are amplified or reinforced by transmission inside an "enclosed" space. Observers of journalism in the mass media describe an echo chamber effect in media discourse. [ cite web|url=http://www.dailykos.com/story/2004/6/24/12059/5698 |title=Moon the Messiah, and the Media Echo Chamber |accessdate=2008-03-06 ] [cite book | last = Jamieson | first = Kathleen Hall | authorlink = | coauthors = Joseph N. Cappella | title = Echo Chamber: Rush Limbaugh and the Conservative Media Establishment | publisher = Oxford University Press | date = | location = | pages = | url = http://www.us.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Politics/AmericanPolitics/PoliticalCommunicationMediaStudi/?view=usa&ci=9780195366822 | doi = | id = | isbn = 0195366824 ] One purveyor of information will make a claim, which many like-minded people then repeat, overhear, and repeat again (often in an exaggerated or otherwise distorted form) [cite news | first=Robert | last=Parry | coauthors= | title=The GOP's $3 Bn Propaganda Organ | date=2006-12-28 | publisher= | url =http://baltimorechronicle.com/2006/122706Parry.shtml | work =The Baltimore Chronicle | pages = | accessdate = 2008-03-06 | language = ] until most people assume that some extreme variation of the story is true. cite web|url=http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Echo_chamber |title=SourceWatch entry on media "Echo Chamber" effect |accessdate=2008-02-03 |date=2006-10-22 |work=SourceWatch ]

Similarly, the term is also used to name the media effect, whereby an incorrect story (often a "smear") is reported through a biased channel, often first appearing in a new-media domain, and it is this simple "presence" of a story which is reported in more reputable mainstream media outlets, often using intermediary sources or commentary for reference, "independent" of the factual merits of the story. The overall effect often being to legitimize false claims in the public eye, through sheer volume of reporting and media references, even if the majority of these reports acknowledge the original factual inaccuracy of the story.

Regarding this condition arising in online communities, participants may find their own opinions constantly "echoed" back to them, and in doing so reinforce a certain sense of truth that resonates with individual belief systems. This can create some significant challenges to critical discourse within an online medium. The echo-chamber effect may also impact a lack of recognition to large demographic changes in language and culture on the Internet if individuals only create, experience and navigate those online spaces that reinforce their "preferred" world view. [ Citation| first=Kevin | last=Wallsten| coauthors=| contribution=Political Blogs: Is the Political Blogosphere an Echo Chamber?| title=American Political Science Association’s Annual Meeting| editor-first=| editor-last=| coeditors=| publisher=Department of Political Science, University of California, Berkeley| place=Washington, D.C.| pages=| date=2005-09-01| year=2005| id= | contribution-url=| format=| accessdate=2008-03-06 ] Another emerging term used to describe this "echoing" and homogenizing effect on the Internet within social communities is "cultural tribalism". [ Citation| first=Paul | last=Dwyer| coauthors=| contribution=Building Trust with Corporate Blogs| title=ICWSM’2007 Boulder, Colorado, USA.| editor-first=| editor-last=| coeditors=| publisher=Texas A&M University| place=| pages=7| date=| year=| id= | contribution-url=http://www.icwsm.org/papers/2--Dwyer.pdf| format=PDF| accessdate=2008-03-06 ] The Internet may also be seen as a complex system (e.g., emergent, dynamic, evolutionary), and as such, will at times eliminate the effects of positive feedback loops (i.e., the echo-chamber effect) to that system, where a lack of perturbation to dimensions of the network, prohibits a sense of equilibrium to the system. Complex systems that are characterized by negative feedback loops will create more stability and balance during emergent and dynamic behaviour.

References

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See also

* Anechoic chamber
* Telephone game
* United States journalism scandals
* R.G. Keen: "The Technology of Oil Can Delays" [http://www.geofex.com/Article_Folders/oil_can_delays.htm]
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External links

*John Scruggs, " [http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/tid/xiz37c00 The "Echo Chamber" Approach to Advocacy] ", Philip Morris, Bates No. 2078707451/7452, December 18, 1998.
**The Hudson Institute's Bradley Center for Philanthropy and Civic Renewal [http://www.hudson.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=hudson_upcoming_events&id=162 wonder if they "got it, well, Right"] .
*" [http://www.pfaw.org/pfaw/general/default.aspx?oid=2052 Buying a Movement: Right-Wing Foundations and American Politics] ," (Washington, DC: People for the American Way, 1996). Or [http://www.pfaw.org/pfaw/dfiles/file_33.pdf download a PDF version] of the full report.
*Dan Morgan, " [http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A46598-2000Jan28 Think Tanks: Corporations' Quiet Weapon] ," Washington Post, January 29, 2000, p. A1.
*Jeff Gerth and Sheryl Gay Stolberg, [http://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/05/science/05LOBB.html "Drug Industry Has Ties to Groups With Many Different Voices"] , New York Times, October 5, 2000.
*Robert Kuttner, " [http://www.prospect.org/print/V13/13/kuttner-r.html Philanthropy and Movements] ," The American Prospect, July 2, 2002.
*Robert W. Hahn, " [http://www.policyreview.org/OCT02/hahn.html The False Promise of 'Full Disclosure'] ," Policy Review, Hoover Institution, October 2002.
*David Brock, "Blinded by the Right: The Conscience of an Ex-Conservative" (New York, NY: Three Rivers Press, 2002).
*Jeff Chester, [http://www.thenation.com/docprint.mhtml?i=20031222&s=chester "A Present for Murdoch"] , "The Nation", December 2003: "From 1999 to 2002, his company spent almost $10 million on its lobbying operations. It has already poured $200,000 in contributions into the 2004 election, having donated nearly $1.8 million during the 2000 and 2002 campaigns."
* [http://www.prwatch.org/forum/showthread.php?s=&threadid=3541 Jim Lobe for "Asia Times"] : "the structure's most remarkable characteristics are how few people it includes and how adept they have been in creating new institutions and front groups that act as a vast echo chamber for one another and for the media"
*Valdis Krebs, " [http://www.orgnet.com/divided.html Divided We Stand] ," Political Echo Chambers
*Jonathan S. Landay and Tish Wells, [http://www.realcities.com/mld/krwashington/8194211.htm "Iraqi exile group fed false information to news media"] , Knight Ridder, March 15, 2004.