Phototrophic biofilms

Phototrophic biofilms

fraction.

). Phototrophic biofilms and microbial mats have been described in extreme environments like thermal springs [Roeselers, G., Norris, T.B., Castenholz, R.W., Rysgaard, S., Glud, R., Kühl, M., andMuyzer, G. (2007)Diversity of phototrophic bacteria in microbial mats from Arctic hot springs (Greenland). [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17227409?ordinalpos=4&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum/ Environmental Microbiology. 9(1): 26–38] ] , hyper saline ponds [Sorensen, K.B., Canfield, D.E., Teske, A.P., and Oren, A. (2005) Community composition of ahypersaline endoevaporitic microbial mat. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=Community%20composition%20of%20a%20hypersaline%20endoevaporitic%20microbial%20mat/ Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71: 7352-7365.] ] , desert soil crusts, and in lake ice covers in Antarctica. The 3.4-billion-year fossil record of benthic phototrophic communities, such as microbial mats and stromatolites, indicates that these associations represent the Earth's oldest known ecosystems. It is thought that these early ecosystems played a key role in the build-up of oxygen in the Earth’s atmosphere [Hoehler, T.M., Bebout, B.M., and Des Marais, D.J. (2001) The role of microbial mats in the production of reduced gases on the early Earth. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11460161?ordinalpos=2&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum/ Nature 412: 324-327.] ] .

There is a growing interest in the application of phototrophic biofilms, for instance in wastewater treatment in constructed wetlands, bioremediation, aquaculture, and biohydrogen production [Roeselers, G., van Loosdrecht, M.C.M., and Muyzer, G. (2007) Phototrophic biofilms and their potential applications. [http://www.springerlink.com/content/n518x09k16133052/ Journal of Applied Phycology 20(3):227-235] ] .

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