Law enforcement officer

A law enforcement officer (also called peace officer), in North America, is any public-sector person charged with upholding the peace, mainly police officers, customs officers, correctional officers,probation officers, parole officers, auxiliary officers, and sheriffs or marshals and their deputies.

Modern legal codes use the term "peace officer" (or in some jurisdictions, "law enforcement officer") to include every public-sector person vested by the legislating state with law-enforcement authority—traditionally, anyone "sworn, badged, and armable" but, basically, who can arrest, or refer such arrest for a criminal prosecution. Hence, city police officers, county sheriffs' deputies, and state troopers are usually vested with the same authority within a given jurisdiction.

Jurisdictions may restrict the powers granted to those who have "peace-officer status" For example, in New York, all New York State Court Officers, [ [http://www.nycourts.gov/ea/xml/asp_transform/DisplayTitleStandard.asp?title=9467001 New York State Court Officers] ] as well as Court clerks, [ [http://www.nycourts.gov/ea/xml/asp_transform/DisplayTitleStandard.asp?title=9441103 Court Clerks] ] assigned to the 1st and 2nd Judicial Departments are classified as peace officers who can carry a firearm both on and off duty.

Canada

In Canada, the Criminal Code (R.S., c. C-34, s. 1.) defines a "peace officer" as:cquote
"peace officer" includes
*(a) a mayor, warden, reeve, sheriff, deputy sheriff, sheriff’s officer, and justice of the peace,

*(b) a member of the Correctional Service of Canada who is designated as a peace officer pursuant to Part I of the "Corrections and Conditional Release Act", and a warden, deputy warden, instructor, keeper, jailer, guard and any other officer or permanent employee of a prison other than a penitentiary as defined in Part I of the "Corrections and Conditional Release Act",

*(c) a police officer, police constable, bailiff, constable, or other person employed for the preservation and maintenance of the public peace or for the service or execution of civil process,

*(d) an officer within the meaning of the "Customs Act", the "Excise Act" or the "Excise Act, 2001", or a person having the powers of such an officer, when performing any duty in the administration of any of those Acts,

*(d.1) an officer authorized under subsection 138(1) of the "Immigration and Refugee Protection Act",

*(e) a person designated as a fishery guardian under the "Fisheries Act" when performing any duties or functions under that Act and a person designated as a fishery officer under the "Fisheries Act" when performing any duties or functions under that Act or the "Coastal Fisheries Protection Act",

*(f) the pilot in command of an aircraft
**(i) registered in Canada under regulations made under the "Aeronautics Act", or
**(ii) leased without crew and operated by a person who is qualified under regulations made under the" Aeronautics Act" to be registered as owner of an aircraft registered in Canada under those regulations, while the aircraft is in flight, and

*(g) officers and non-commissioned members of the Canadian Forces who are
**(i) appointed for the purposes of section 156 of the "National Defence Act", or
**(ii) employed on duties that the Governor in Council, in regulations made under the "National Defence Act" for the purposes of this paragraph, has prescribed to be of such a kind as to necessitate that the officers and non-commissioned members performing them have the powers of peace officers; [All members of the Canadian Forces have Peace officer power while they are engaging "in the course of any military operation, training or administration, either as a result of a specific order or established military custom or practice". Section 156 of the National Defence Act declares that members of the Canadian Forces who have been designated as Military Police shall be considered peace officers under the Criminal Code of Canada.]

Section (b) can designate as a peace officer a member of the Correctional Service of Canada under the following via the "Corrections and Conditional Release Act": [http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/showdoc/cs/C-44.6//20071001/en?command=home&caller=SI&search_type=all&shorttitle=Corrections%20and%20Conditional%20Release%20Act&day=1&month=10&year=2007&search_domain=cs&showall=L&statuteyear=all&lengthannual=50&length=50]

cquote
*10. The Commissioner may in writing designate any staff member, either by name or by class, to be a peace officer, and a staff member so designated has all the powers, authority, protection and privileges that a peace officer has by law in respect of
**(a) an offender subject to a warrant or to an order for long-term supervision; and
**(b) any person, while the person is in a penitentiary.

In addition, legislatures of provinces can designate a class of officers (ie. Conservation Officers) to be peace officers.

US

California

Sections 830 through 831.7 of the California Penal Code [California Penal Code, Part 2, Title 3, [http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=pen&group=00001-01000&file=830-832.17 Chapter 4.5, Peace Officers] .Accessed 12 September 2008] list persons who are and who are not peace officers in California. Peace officers include, in addition to many others,
# Police; sheriffs, undersheriffs, and their deputies. (§ 830.1 [a] )
# The California Attorney General and special agents and investigators of the California Department of Justice. (§ 830.1 [b] )
# Members of the California Highway Patrol. (§ 830.2 [a] )
# Members of the University of California Police Department or the California State University Police Departments. (§ 830.2 [b] & [c] )
# Correctional officers and parole agents of the California Department of Corrections. (§ 830.2 [d] )
# California State Park rangers. (§ 830.2 [f] )
# Certain employees of the California Department of Motor Vehicles. (§ 830.3 [c] )
# The State Fire Marshal and assistant or deputy state fire marshals. (§ 830.3 [e] )
# County coroners and deputy coroners. (§ 830.35 [c] )

Most peace officers have jurisdiction throughout the state, but many have limited powers outside their political subdivision. Some peace officers require special permission to carry firearms. Powers are often limited to performance of peace officers’ primary duties (usually, enforcement of specific laws within their political subdivision); however, most have power of arrest anywhere in the state for any public offense [Public offenses in California include infractions, misdemeanors, and felonies.] that poses immediate danger to person or property.

A private person (i.e., ordinary citizen) may arrest another person for an offense committed in the arresting person’s presence,or if the other person has committed a felony whether or not in the arresting person’s presence (Penal Code § 837), [California Penal Code, Part 2, Title 3, [http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=pen&group=00001-01000&file=833-851.90 Chapter 5, Arrest and by Whom Made] , § 837.] though such an arrest when an offense has not actually occurred leaves a private person open to criminal prosecution and civil liability for false arrest. A peace officer
# May, without a warrant, arrest a person on probable cause that the person has committed an offense in the officer’s presence, or if there is probable cause that a felony has been committed and the officer has probable cause to believe the person to be arrested committed the felony. (Penal Code § 836). [California Penal Code, Part 2, Title 3, [http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=pen&group=00001-01000&file=833-851.90 Chapter 5, Arrest and by Whom Made] , § 836.]
# Is immune from civil liability for false arrest if, at the time of arrest, the officer had probable cause to believe the arrest was lawful.

Persons are required to comply with certain instructions given by a peace officer, and certain acts (e.g., battery) committed against a peace officer carry more severe penalties than the same acts against a private person. It is unlawful to resist, delay, or obstruct a peace officer in the course of the officer’s duties (Penal Code § 148 [a] [1] ). [California Penal Code, Part 1, Title 7, [http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/displaycode?section=pen&group=00001-01000&file=142-181 Chapter 7, Other Offenses Against Public Justice] , §148.]

New York State

New York State grants peace officers very specific powers under NYS Criminal Procedure Law, that they may make warrantless arrests, use physical force, and issue tickets under section 2.20 of that law. [ [http://public.leginfo.state.ny.us/menugetf.cgi?COMMONQUERY=LAWS New York State Assembly web site] . Click on CPL for Criminal Procedure law, then article II, then section 2.20. Accessed December 3, 2007]

There is a full list of peace officers under Section 2.10 of that law. [ [http://public.leginfo.state.ny.us/menugetf.cgi?COMMONQUERY=LAWS New York State Assembly web site] . Click on CPL for Criminal Procedure law, then article II, then section 2.10. Accessed December 3, 2007] Below are some examples.

# That state has law enforcement agencies contained within existing executive branch departments that employ sworn peace officers to investigate and enforce laws specifically related to the department. Most often, these departments employ sworn Investigators (separate from the New York State Police) that have state-wide investigative authority pursuant to the departments mission.
# The New York State Bureau of Narcotic Enforcement (BNE) is a state investigative agency housed under the State Department of Health. Narcotic Investigators with the Bureau of Narcotic Enforcement are sworn Peace Officers who carry firearms, make arrests, and enforce the New York State Controlled Substances Act, New York State Penal Law, and New York State Public Health Law.
# The New York State Department of Taxation and Finance employs sworn Peace Officers as Excise Tax Investigators and Revenue Crimes Investigators. These State Investigators carry firearms, make arrests, and enforce New York State Penal Law related to tax evasion and other crimes. Excise Tax Investigators may execute Search Warrants. All Police Officers, Sheriffs, and Constables in New York State are Peace Officers.
# The New York State Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) Division of Field Investigation also employ sworn Peace Officers as State Investigators. All DMV Investigators carry Glock model 23 firearms and enforce New York State Penal Law and Vehicle and Traffic Law. The DMV Division of Field Investigation investigates auto theft, odometer tampering, fraudulent documents and identity theft crimes.fact|date=February 2008
# Private corporations can also register their employees as peace officers with the state Division of Criminal Justice Services. One example is the resident-owned RiverBay Corporation's Co-op City Department of Public Safety in New York City which, as of 2008, employs more than 100 public safety officers that are sworn as Special Patrolmen. [cite web
url=http://www.ccpd.us/id53.html
title=Department History
accessdate=2008-06-23
publisher=Co-op City Department of Public Safety
quote=Enforcement powers for the Co-op City Department of Public Safety are found under the following laws and codes. New York State Criminal Procedure law; section 2.10.27 Special Patrolman City of New York. City of New York administrative code; section 14-106 Rules and procedures for Special Patrolmen promulgated May 1985, Authority police commissioner City of New York.]
# Auxiliary Police officers in New York State are registed as peace officers with the Division of Criminal Justice (DCJS). One example is the NYPD Auxiliary Police in New York City which, as of 2008, has more than 4,500 Auxiliary Police officers who are registered by DCJS as "Part Time Peace Officers without Firearms Training", and are registered as peace officers in the DCJS registry of peace officers. [N.Y.S. Criminal Procedure Law, Section 2.10, Part 26, [http://ypdcrime.com/cpl/article2.htm Peace officers designated pursuant to the provisions of the New York state defense emergency act] ]

ee also

*Canadian Forces Military Police
*New York City Parks Enforcement Patrol
*Co-op City Department of Public Safety
*New York City Police Department Auxiliary Police

External links

* [http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/showdoc/cs/C-46//20071001/ Criminal Code of Canada]
* [http://www.cpoma.com/ Canadian Peace Officers' Memorial Association]
* [http://www.memorialribbon.com/ Peace Officers' Memorial Ribbon Society]
* [http://www.phizetaphi.com/ U.S. Sea Sheriff]

Peace Officer associations

US National associations

* [http://www.napoa.org/ National Asian Peace Officers Association]
* [http://www.nlpoa.org/ National Latino Peace Officers Association]

US State associations

* [http://www.alabamapeaceofficers.org/ Alabama Peace Officers Associations]
* [http://www.cpoa.org/ California Peace Officers Association] ]
* [http://www.kpoa.org/default.asp Kansas Police Officers Association]
* [http://www.kcpoa.org/ Kansas City Police Officers Association (Missouri)]
* [http://www.friendsofthekcpoa.org/ Friends of the Kansas City Police Officers Associations]
* [http://www.mppoa.com/ Minnesota Police and Peace Officers Association]
* [http://www.mofop.org/ Missouri Fraternal Order of Police]
* [http://www.mspoa.org/ Montana Sheriffs & Peace Officers Association]
* [http://nyspoba.com/ New York State Peace Officers Benevolent Association]

References