Thermal Oxide Reprocessing Plant

The Thermal Oxide Reprocessing Plant, or THORP, is a nuclear fuel reprocessing plant at Sellafield in Cumbria, England. THORP is owned by the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority and operated by Sellafield Ltd (which is the site licensee company). It processes spent nuclear fuel from nuclear reactors and separates the uranium and plutonium, which can be reused in mixed oxide fuel, from the radioactive wastes, which are treated and stored at the plant. Construction of THORP started in the 1970s, and was completed in 1994. The plant went into operation in August 1997.

History

Between 1977 and 1978 an inquiry was held into an application by British Nuclear Fuels plc for outline planning permission to build a new plant to reprocess irradiated oxide nuclear fuel from both UK and foreign reactors. The inquiry was to answer three questions: "1. Should oxide fuel from United Kingdom reactors be reprocessed in this country at all; whether at Windscale or elsewhere? 2. If yes, should such reprocessing be carried on at Windscale? 3. If yes, should the reprocessing plant be about double the estimated site required to handle United Kingdom oxide fuels and be used as to the spare capacity, for reprocessing foreign fuels?". The result of the inquiry was that the new plant, the Thermal Oxide Reprocessing Plant, was given the go-ahead in 1978, although it was not completed until the 1990s.

Design features

The chemical flowsheet for THORP is designed to add less involatile matter to the first cycle PUREX raffinate, one way in which this is done is by avoiding the use of ferrous compounds as plutonium reducing agents. In this plant the reduction is done using either hydrazine or HAN (hydroxylamine nitrate).

2005 leak

On May 9, 2005 it was announced that THORP suffered a large leak of a highly radioactive solution, which first started in July 2004. British Nuclear Group's board of inquiry determined that a design error led to the leak, while a complacent culture at the plant delayed detection for nine months. Operations staff did not discover the leak until safeguards staff reported major fluid accountancy discrepancies.

Altogether 83 cubic metres (18,250 imperial gallons) of nitric acid solution leaked from a small fractured feedpipe, which was discovered when a remote camera was sent in to examine THORP's Feed Clarification Cell on April 19 2005. All the fluids collected under gravity into the secondary containment, which is a swimming-pool sized stainless steel tub embedded in 2 metre thick reinforced concrete, capable of holding 250 cubic metres of fluids.

The solution from the spill was estimated to contain 20 metric tons of uranium and 160 kilograms of plutonium. The leaked solution was safely recovered into primary containment using originally installed steam ejectors. Radiation levels in the cell preclude entry of humans and robotic repair of the fractured pipe is expected to be difficult. Officials are considering bypassing the faulty tank to resume operations.

The pipe fractured due to lateral motion of an accountancy tank, which measures volume by weight and moves horizontally and vertically in the process. The tank's original design had restraint blocks to prevent lateral motion, but these were later removed from the design for seismic uncoupling. However it appears this design change was not evaluated for fatigue, and it is inconceivable a proper review would have permitted this change.

The incident was classified as Level 3 out of 7 on the International Nuclear Event Scale (INES), a "serious incident", due to the amount of radioactive inventory that leaked from primary to secondary containment without discovery over a number of months [http://www.hse.gov.uk/nuclear/llc/2005/sella2.htm#incidents] . This was initially considered by BNFL to be surprisingly high, but the specifications of the scale required it.

No radiation leaked to the environment and no one was injured.

Return to service will be dependent on appropriate modification proposals and any further regulatory requirements resulting from the ongoing investigations. As of March 2006 various restart and closure options were still being considered. [http://www.nda.gov.uk/documents/assessment_of_issues_associated_with_thorp_non-restart_and_restart_options,_published_2_march_2006.pdf]

The British Nuclear Group was convicted for breaches of health and safety regulations following the accident, and fined £500,000. [http://www.ft.com/cms/s/c4d72e5c-5d7b-11db-9d15-0000779e2340.html]

Production eventually restarted at the plant in early 2008; but almost immediately had to be put on hold again, for an underwater lift that takes the fuel for reprocessing to be repaired. [Geoffrey Lean, [http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/green-living/shambolic-sellafield-in-crisis-again-after-damning-safety-report-777551.html 'Shambolic' Sellafield in crisis again after damning safety report] , "The Independent", 3 February 2008.]

References

ee also

* Nuclear fuel cycle
* Reprocessed uranium
* Red oil
* PUREX
* Pyrometalurgical Processing

;Other Reprocessing Sites
* COGEMA La Hague site
* Rokkasho Reprocessing Plant
* West Valley Reprocessing Plant
* Mayak
* Tōkai, Ibaraki (Tokaimura nuclear accident)

External links

* [http://www.nda.gov.uk/ Nuclear Decommissioning Authority]
* [http://www.sellafieldsites.com/ Sellafield Limited]
* [http://www.bellona.no/en/energy/nuclear/sellafield/index.html Bellona Foundation - Excellent Site for Detailed Info on Sellafield and associated environmental issues.]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/cumbria/4476905.stm Nuclear unit closed after checks] - BBC, 23 April 2005
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,,1479483,00.html Huge radioactive leak closes Thorp nuclear plant] - The Guardian, 9 May 2005
* [http://www.britishnucleargroup.com/pdf/2765_1.pdf THORP Fractured Pipe — Board of Inquiry Report] , BNFL, 26 May 2005
* [http://www.bellona.no/en/energy/nuclear/sellafield/38990.html Thorp officials work to restore UK nuke reprocessing facility] - Bellona Foundation, 7 July 2005
* [http://www.neimagazine.com/story.asp?sectionCode=132&storyCode=2029958 Thorp board of enquiry report released] - "Nuclear Engineering International", 27 July 2005
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/cumbria/4745145.stm Nuclear staff suspended over leak] - BBC, 4 August 2005
* [http://www.newsandstar.co.uk/news/viewarticle.aspx?id=301090 Workload forces delay over Thorp reopening] - "News & Star", 11 November 2005
* [http://www.largeassociates.com/3134%20THORP/R3127-a3%20final%2013%20April%202006.pdf Leak of Radioactive Liquor in the Feed Clarification Cell at BNG THORP Sellafield, Review of the Management and Technical Aspects of the Failure and its Implications for the Future of THORP] , John Large, 13 April 2006 - includes diagrams
* [http://www.neimagazine.com/story.asp?sectionCode=132&storyCode=2041506 Thorp restart approved] - "Nuclear Engineering International", 17 January 2007
* [http://www.neimagazine.com/story.asp?sectionCode=76&storyCode=2043881 Culture clubbed] - "Nuclear Engineering International", 25 April 2007
* [http://www.hse.gov.uk/nuclear/thorp.htm HSE report into the THORP leak]
* [http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/MultimediaFiles/Live/FullReport/8066.pdf The sentencing of British Nuclear Group over the accident at THORP] , Mr Justice Openshaw, 16 October 2006