Clydach Gorge

The Clydach Gorge (also known as Cwm Clydach) is a steep-sided valley in south-east Wales down which the River Clydach flows to the River Usk. It runs for 5.6km from the vicinity of Brynmawr in Blaenau Gwent eastwards and northeastwards to Gilwern in Monmouthshire. The Gorge was one of the first locations in the region to be industrialised though it still retains spectacular natural beauty. It has long been an important transport corridor between Abergavenny and the lowlands of Monmouthshire and the northeastern quarter of the South Wales Coalfield. It is now exploited by the A465 Heads of the Valleys trunk road which runs between Abergavenny and Swansea and which serves the Heads of the Valleys sub-region.

The Gorge is included within the Brecon Beacons National Park and is a tourist destination in its own right, with facilities including a picnic site, waymarked footpaths, the National Cycle Network and car parking alongside the River Clydach, easily reached from the Heads of the Valleys Road. It includes a cast iron bridge and the remains of a late 18th century ironworks which are now a Scheduled Ancient Monument. There are also limeworks.

Settlements

The industrial town of Brynmawr sits at the head of the gorge and the large village of Gilwern sits at its foot in the Usk valley. Although development along the gorge and its sides is semi-continuous, the linear settlements of Clydach Bridge, Blackrock, Cheltenham and Maesygwartha can be distinguished along the old road between Brynmawr and Gilwern which runs down the valley mainly to the north of the river. On the opposite side of the gorge is the settlement of Llanelly Hill which climbs the northwest facing slopes of the valley.^[1] The Gorge is close to the village of Clydach.

Industrial heritage sites

Ironworks

Clydach Ironworks

The Ironworks were constructed around 1793-95 after coke had been introduced as a fuel for blast furnaces. The remains of two large masonry furnaces from the 1790s can still be seen together with other structures. By 1841 the works was responsible for the employment of more than 1350 people though many of this number were associated with iron ore and coal further up the valley. The works were associated with the Frere family.

Llanelly Furnace

The Hanbury family of Pontypool established a forge here (OS grid ref SO 236140) in the sixteenth century though nothing now remains of it other than parts of the masonry dam of a pool connected with the water power used for the forge. Wrought iron was made at Llanelly Furnace from cast iron. A tinworks also operated at this site at one time.^[2]

Limeworks

Blackrock Limeworks

Located above Cheltenham, these limeworks were the first established in the gorge, having started production in 1794/95. They continued to work until 1908 and the masonry limekilns remain today.^[3]

Clydach Limeworks

The limeworks at Clydach (OS grid ref SO 233127) were built in 1877 to provide lime for the construction of the nearby Nant Dyar railway viaduct. A pair of limekilns remain against an impressive quarried backdrop.^[4]

Transport

Tramroads and railways

Clydach Railroad

This early railroad was constructed during 1793-4 by the engineer John Dadford. It linked Wain Dew colliery at Beaufort with Glangrwyne Forge on the banks of the River Usk. An important surviving feature of the railroad is the single-arched bridge of coarse rubble-stone near Maesygwartha which is impressively set above a waterfall (at OS grid ref SO 230138). A tramroad linked into the Clydach Ironworks from the Clydach Railroad by means of a cast-iron bridge. Constructed by Smart in 1824, it is one of the earliest in the world. ^[5]

Llam-march Tramroad

Engineered by Thomas Dadford in 1793-4, this tramroad (also sometimes referred to as the Llam-march Railroad) to link the Clydach ironworks with the coalmines and iron ore deposits at Gellifelen and Llam-march. There is a single-arched stone bridge at SO 233137 and SO 255176, the latter being the Llam-march Tramroad and Aqueduct Bridge of 1811 which also carried water from the Clydach to the Clydach Ironworks Rolling Mill via a leat.^[6]

Govilon Tramroad

Engineered by Crawshay Bailey in 1821, this tramroad (sometimes also referred to as Bailey's Tramroad) traverses the southeastern slopes of the gorge below and parallel to the Llam-march Tramroad. It connected the Bailey’s ironworks at Nantyglo with the Monmouthshire Canal in the Usk Valley ^[7]

Merthyr Tredegar and Abergavenny Railway

See main article on Merthyr, Tredegar and Abergavenny Railway

The railway was constructed in 1862 as a single line, following in part, the line of an earlier tramroad. Four years later it became a part of the London and North Western Railway network and in 1877 the line was doubled along its entire length. The routing of the line through the gorge was a considerable engineering challenge requiring the digging of several tunnels and the construction of an impressive curving viaduct across the ravine of the Nant Dyar. The line continued in operation until the 1950’s when British Rail decided to close it as being uneconomical to run. The last trains ran along it in June 1958. ^[8] The larger part of the track-bed has now been converted to a cycleway, forming part of route 46 of the National Cycle Network.

Roads

Merthyr Tydfil to Govilon Turnpike

The Merthyr Tydfil to Govilon Turnpike was authorised by Act of Parliament and laid through the valley in 1812-13.^[9] This formed the main road through the gorge until the modern road was built. ^[10]

Heads of the Valleys Road

See main article on A465 road

The present alignment of the A465 through the gorge was constructed in the 1960’s by John Morgan (Construction) Ltd of Cardiff. Achieving a consistent gradient of 1 in 20 for a distance of 4km it climbs 210m from Gilwern to Brynmawr. ^[11]Its construction involved considerable cutting and embanking and some sections are built out over the gorge on concrete pillars. Work began in March 1960 and it was opened to traffic in 1962. It is a single-carriageway route with two west-bound lanes running up the gorge. There are plans to dual the entire route in the next few years.

Environmental protection

The entire Clydach Gorge falls within the Brecon Beacons National Park designated in 1957 in order that its landscapes be protected and for the quiet enjoyment of them by the public. Subsequently considerable parts of the gorge have also been protected for their wildlife and habitats including the Cwm Clydach SSSI, Cwm Clydach National Nature Reserve, the Cwm Clydach Woodlands SAC and the Usk Bat Sites SAC which also extends across much of the neighbouring Mynydd Llangatwg.

There are in addition, numerous scheduled ancient monuments within the gorge, representing a history of human occupation from the Iron Age to the Industrial Revolution. Though the gorge is not included within it, the Blaenavon Industrial Landscape World Heritage Site adjoins the area. The current (2010) Forgotten Landscapes Project includes both the WHS and the Gorge within a wider area. The Project seeks to conserve and restore the built features of an area which was key to the Industrial Revolution.^[12]

References

1. ^ Ordnance Survey Explorer map sheet OL13 Brecon Beacons National Park: eastern area
2. ^ http://www.ggat.org.uk/cadw/historic_landscape/clydach_gorge/english/clydach_historic_pro.htm
3. ^ http://www.ggat.org.uk/cadw/historic_landscape/clydach_gorge/english/clydach_historic_pro.htm
4. ^ http://www.ggat.org.uk/cadw/historic_landscape/clydach_gorge/english/clydach_historic_pro.htm
5. ^ http://www.ggat.org.uk/cadw/historic_landscape/clydach_gorge/english/clydach_historic_pro.htm
6. ^ http://www.ggat.org.uk/cadw/historic_landscape/clydach_gorge/english/clydach_historic_pro.htm
7. ^ http://www.ggat.org.uk/cadw/historic_landscape/clydach_gorge/english/clydach_historic_pro.htm
8. ^ http://www.ggat.org.uk/cadw/historic_landscape/clydach_gorge/english/clydach_historic_pro.htm
9. ^ van Laun, J. The Clydach Gorge: industrial archaeological trails. Blorenge Books 2008
10. ^ http://www.ggat.org.uk/cadw/historic_landscape/clydach_gorge/english/clydach_historic_pro.htm#Patterns
11. ^ van Laun, J. Clydach Gorge: industrial archaeological trails. Blorenge Books 2008 pp55/6
12. ^ http://www.forgottenlandscapes.org.uk/

External links

• Caves in the Clydach Gorge area
• Walks in the Clydach Gorge area
• Monmouthshire Council Clydach Site
• Sustrans Routes2Ride: Cycling in the Clydach Gorge Area
• Photograph of Clydach Gorge : Rhaeadr Isaf waterfall in spate
• Photograph of the ironworks : the cast iron bridge of 1824
• Photograph of the ironworks : employing over 1,350 workers by 1841
• Photograph of the ironworks : the 1824 date cast on the bridge
• Photograph of the limeworks : extensive quarries and lime kilns

Coordinates: 51°48′43″N 3°07′19″W / 51.812°N 3.122°W / 51.812; -3.122