Percy Lefroy Mapleton

Percy Lefroy Mapleton (also known as Percy Mapleton Lefroy; February 23, 1860–November 29, 1881), a journalist, was the British "railway murderer" of 1881. He is important in the history of forensics and policing as being the subject of the first police composite picture to appear on a "wanted" poster and in a newspaper. [cite web |url=http://www.historybytheyard.co.uk/percy_lefroy_mapleton.htm |title=Percy LeFroy Mapleton |accessdate=2008-10-03 |work=History by the Yard |publisher=Keith Skinner, Martin Fido and Alan Moss |date=2008-06-16]

The Murder

On the afternoon of June 27, 1881, 64 year-old Isaac Frederick Gold, a coin dealer, was murdererd on the express train going from London Bridge Station to his home in Brighton. Gold had entered a first-class smoking compartment in the third carriage, and was later joined in the compartment by 21 year old Percy Lefroy Mapleton. When the train arrived at Preston Park Station Mapleton was observed getting out of the carriage in a distressed state and covered in blood. He had lost his hat, collar and tie, and had a gold watch-chain hanging from his shoe.

Giving his name as Percy Mapleton Lefroy, Mapleton complained that he had been attacked by two men during the journey who had hit him on the head, knocking him out. Richard Gibson, the ticket collector at Preston Park Station, accompanied Mapleton for the rest of the journey to Brighton, where Mapleton told Henry Anscombe, the Station Master, that he had been shot and wounded during his journey. Asked about the gold chain which had been seen hanging from his shoe, he replied that he had put it there for safety. Although the police were not satisfied with Mapleton's story, as no-one had lodged a complaint against him they decided that he must have been attempting to commit suicide, which was then a criminal offence in Britain. He was taken to the local police station where he made an official complaint against his attackers, even offering a reward for their capture. Here Constable Howland interviewed Mapleton and took details of his alleged attackers, before sending him on to the County Hospital for treatment, where his wounds were discovered to be quite superficial. Suspicious that such slight wounds could cause so much blood, the examining doctor wanted to detain him, but Mapleton suddenly announced that he had an urgent appointment in London. He returned to the police station for further interviews, and then, having bought a new collar and tie, went to Brighton Station where increasingly dubious police took him into an office and searched him, finding two Hanoverian medals in his pockets, but he denied all knowledge of them.

Meanwhile, the carriage had been shunted into a siding and examined, which revealed three bullet marks and other signs of a fierce struggle, including blood on the carriage's footboard, mat, and door handle, as well as on a handkerchief and newspaper that had been left in the compartment by one of its occupants. Coins similar to those which had been found on Lefroy/Mapleton were also found in the compartment.

The authorities still saw no reason to detain Mapleton, and he was escorted by Detective Sergeant George Holmes to the home of Mapleton's relatives who ran a boarding house at Cathcart Road in Wallington in Surrey. Meanwhile, a search of the line between London Bridge Station and Preston Park Station was organised, and in Balcombe Tunnel railway staff found the body of an elderly man, later identified as Isaac Gold; he had been shot and stabbed and near his body was found a knife smeared with blood. His gold watch and chain and a large sum of money had been stolen. The Station Master at Balcombe immediately sent the following telegram:

'Man found dead this afternoon in tunnel here. Name on papers "I Gold". He is now lying here. Reply quick.'

Escape and Recapture

The news that a body had been found was passed along the line and at Three Bridges railway station the Station Master told Detective Sergeant Holmes about the body's discovery. Holmes was also instructed by telegram from Brighton police not to let Lefroy/Mapleton out of his sight. However, having arrived at the boarding house in Wallington, Mapleton told Holmes that he wanted to change his clothes and persuaded him to wait outside. Mapleton then left the house and disappeared.

The hunt to re-capture Mapleton was notable for the appeal by C. E. Howard Vincent, Director of the Criminal Investigation Department (CID), to the British press for their assistance. The Daily Telegraph published the following description of Mapleton:

"Age 22, middle height, very thin, sickly appearance, scratches on throat, wounds on head, probably clean shaved, low felt hat, black coat, teeth much discoloured ... He is very round shouldered, and his thin overcoat hangs in awkward folds about his spare figure. His forehead and chin are both receding. He has a slight moustache, and very small dark whiskers. His jawbones are prominent, his cheeks sunken and sallow, and his teeth fully exposed when laughing. His upper lip is thin and drawn inwards. His eyes are grey and large. His gait is singular; he is inclined to slouch and when not carrying a bag, his left hand is usually in his pocket. He generally carries a crutch stick." [The Daily Telegraph, July 1 1881]

More importantly, however, the "Daily Telegraph" published an artist's impression of Mapleton created by using a description provided by someone who knew Mapleton. This was the first time that a composite picture had been used in this way by a newspaper, which created enormous public interest, and resulted in Mapleton being spotted erroneously all over the country. A meeting was held at London Bridge Station and all the railway staff involved in the case were questioned by detective officers. The Coroner, Wynne Edwin Baxter [http://www.casebook.org/dissertations/rip-baxter.html?printer=true] , (who would later be involved as a Coroner during the Jack the Ripper murders in 1888), opened the inquest on Isaac Gold on June 29 1881. The inquest lasted for several days, during which period Detective Sergeant Holmes and the other police officers involved in the case's preliminary stages were mauled in the witness box for their inefficiency. A verdict of wilful murder against 'Lefroy' was returned. The Railway Company then offered a substantial reward for information leading to his arrest.

On July 8 1881 Mapleton/Lefroy was finally located in a house at 32, Smith Street in Stepney, where he had been lodging under the name of 'Park'. He was found because of a telegram that he had sent to his employer requesting that his wages be forwarded to that address. [http://www.real-crime.co.uk/Murder1/docl.htm#Lefroy%20Percy] He had kept the blinds down in his room all day and gone out only at night to avoid detection. His still bloodstained clothing was found in the room by police. He was also identified as the man who had exchanged some counterfeit coins and 'pawned' a revolver. The evidence against him was overwhelming. When arrested by Detective Inspector Donald Swanson ['Historical Dictionary of Law Enforcement' by Mitchel P. Roth. Pub. by Greenwood Press (2000)] , Mapleton said, "I am not obliged to say anything and I think it better not to make any answer." Swanson wrote this down in his note book and read it back to Mapleton who added, "I will qualify that by saying I am not guilty."

Trial and Execution

Mapleton was tried at Maidstone Assizes before Lord Chief Justice Coleridge. The jury found him guilty after retiring for only ten minutes. Evidence was given against him by a number of railway witnesses including Holmes, the booking clerk who had sold the ticket to Mapleton, the train's guard, the ticket collector at Preston Park Station, and also by a woman living at Horley who saw two men struggling violently in the train as it passed her cottage.

It was revealed during his trial that at the time of the murder he had been desperately short of money and had gone to London Bridge with the intention of robbing a passenger. He had hoped to find a female victim, but finding none suitable, had settled on the elderly Mr. Gold. Incredibly vain, Mapleton had asked for permission to wear full evening dress in Court because he thought it would impress the jury. He was allowed to take his silk hat and took more interest in this than he did in the legal proceedings against him. [http://www.btp.police.uk/History%20Society/Publications/History%20Society/Crime%20on%20line/Printable/Murder%20on%20the%20Brighton%20Line%20Printable.htm]

While awaiting execution, Mapleton confessed to the murder of Lt. Percy Roper R.E., who was shot in his room in the Army's Brompton Barracks near Chatham Dockyard in 1881, but he later withdrew the confession. Mapleton was hanged at Lewes on November 29, 1881 by executioner William Marwood. The Coroner at Mapleton's inquest was Wynne Edwin Baxter, who had previously presided at Isaac Gold's inquest.

At the time of his execution, Mapleton was the godson of Sir John Lefroy, the Governor of Tasmania.

References

External links

* [http://www.historybytheyard.co.uk/percy_lefroy_mapleton.htm Mapleton on the History by the Yard website]
* [http://www.btp.police.uk/History%20Society/Publications/History%20Society/Crime%20on%20line/Printable/Murder%20on%20the%20Brighton%20Line%20Printable.htm Mapleton on the British Transport Police website]
* [http://www.forensicartist.com/history/index.htm Mapleton on the History of Forensic Art website]
* [http://www.real-crime.co.uk/Murder1/docl.htm#Lefroy%20Percy Mapleton on the Real Crime website]
* [http://www.mytimemachine.co.uk/execution.htm Description of Mapleton's hanging]