Latgalian language

language
name=Latgalian
nativename=Latgalīšu
states=Latvia, Russia
region=Latgale, Sēlija, Vidzeme, Siberia, Bashkiriya
speakers=150-200,000
familycolor=Indo-European
fam1=Indo-European
fam2=Balto-Slavic
fam3=Baltic
fam4=Eastern Baltic
fam5=Latvian
iso2=bat

Latgalian language can mean one of the following:
#It was a language spoken by Latgalians in a great part of the area which is now Latvia. Latgalian was a member of the Baltic group of the Indo-European language family. Historically the Latvian language is derived from Latgalian (with additions from a few other languages, e.g. Old Curonian, Semigallian and Livonian).
#Nowadays it normally refers to a language spoken in the eastern part of Latvia known as Latgale. Sometimes it is referred to as a distinct separate language, while others consider it to be a dialect of Latvian. This modern Latgalian developed as a result of two main factors: Latgalians having preserved more features of the archaic (tribal) Latgallian language than the other Latvians and Latgale being separated for several centuries from other parts of Latvia.

Latgalian alphabet

A/a Ā/ā B/b C/c Č/č D/d E/e (Ē/ē) (F/f) G/g (Ģ/ģ) (H/h) I/i Y/y Ī/ī J/j K/k (Ķ/ķ) L/l Ļ/ļ M/m N/n Ņ/ņ O/o Ō/ō P/p R/r S/s Š/š T/t U/u Ū/ū V/v Z/z Ž/ž

History

The Latgalian language developed from the 18th century as a literary tradition based on vernaculars spoken by Latvians in the eastern part of Latvia. The first surviving book published in Latgalian is "Evangelia toto anno" ("Gospels for the whole year") in 1753. The first systems of orthography were borrowed from Polish and used Antiqua letters. It was very different from the German-influenced orthography, usually written in Blackletter or Gothic script, used for the Latvian language in the rest of Latvia. Many Latgalian books in late 18th and early 19th century were authored by Jesuit priests, who came from various European countries to Latgale as the north-eastern outpost of the Roman Catholic religion; their writings included religious literature, calendars and poetry.

Publishing books in the Latgalian language along with the Lithuanian was forbidden from 1865 to 1904. The ban on using Latin letters in this part of the Russian Empire followed immediately after the January Uprising, where Polish insurgents in Poland, and also in Lithuania and Latgale, challenged the czarist rule. During the ban, only a limited number of smuggled Catholic religious texts and some hand-written literature was available, e.g. calendars written by the self-educated peasant Andryvs Jūrdžys.

After the repeal of the ban in 1904 there was a quick rebirth of the Latgalian literary tradition; first newspapers, textbooks and grammars appeared. In 1918 Latgale became part of the newly created Latvian state. From 1920 to 1934 the two literary traditions of Latvians developed in parallel. A notable achievement during this period was the original translation of the New Testament into Latgalian by the priest and scholar Aloizijs Broks, published in Aglona in 1933. After the coup staged by Kārlis Ulmanis in 1934, the subject of the Latgalian dialect was removed from the school curriculum and was invalidated for use in state institutions; this was as part of an effort to standardize Latvian language usage. Latgalian survived as a spoken language during the Soviet annexation of Latvia (1940-1991) while printed literature in Latgalian virtually ceased between 1959 and 1989. Some Latgalian intellectuals in emigration continued to publish books and studies of the Latgalian language, most notably Mikeļs Bukšs, see [http://www.immi.se/kultur/authors/letter/bukss.htm bibliography] .

Since the restoration of Latvian independence there has been a noticeable increase of interest about the Latgalian language and cultural heritage. It is taught as an optional subject in some universities; in Rēzekne the [http://www.lkcizdevnieciba.lv "Latgales kultūras centra izdevniecība"] (Publishing House of Latgalian Culture Centre) led by [http://www.gramata21.lv/users/elksnis_janis/ Jānis Elksnis] , prints both old and new books in Latgalian.

Classification

Latgalian is a member of the Eastern Baltic branch of the Baltic group of languages included in the family of Indo-European languages. The branch also includes Latvian, Samogitian and Lithuanian). Latgalian is a moderately inflected language; the number of verb and noun forms is characteristic of many other Baltic and Slavic languages.

Geographic distribution

Latgalian is spoken by about 150,000 people, mainly in Latvia; there are small Latgalian-speaking communities in Russia, Siberia.

Official status

Between 1920 and 1934 Latgalian was used in local government and education in Latgale. Now Latgalian is not used as an official language anywhere in Latvia. It is formally protected by the [http://isec.gov.lv/normdok/vvallik.htm Latvian Language Law] stating that "The Latvian State ensures the preservation, protection and development of the Latgalian literary language as a historical variant of the Latvian language" (§3.4). There is a state-supported orthography commission of the Latgalian language. Whether the Latgalian language is a separate language or a dialect of Latvian has been a matter of heated debate throughout the 20th century. Proponents of Latgalian such as linguists Antons Breidaks and Lidija Leikuma have suggested Latgalian has the characteristics of an independent language; one should note that in Latvian, Latgalian itself is generally referred to as an "izloksne" (dialect) and not a "valoda" (language).

Dialects

Latgalian speakers can be classified into three main groups - Northern, Central and Southern. These three groups of local accents are entirely mutually intelligible and characterized only by minor changes in vowels, diphthongs and some inflexion endings. The regional accents of central Latgale (such as those spoken in the towns and rural municipalities of Juosmuiža, Vuorkova, Vydsmuiža, Viļāni, Sakstygols, Ūzulaine, Makašāni, Drycāni, Gaigalova, Bierži, Tiļža and Nautrāni) form the phonetical basis of the modern standard Latgalian language. The literature of 18th century was more influenced by the Southern accents of Latgalian.

References

External links

* [http://www.vvk.lv/index.php?sadala=142&id=762 The Two Literary Traditions of Latvians]
* [http://www.geocities.com/latgalian/ Some facts about Latgalian language]
* [http://www.genling.nw.ru/Baltist/Publicat/LatgVol1.pdf The Grammar of Latgalian Language (in Latvian, PDF document)]
* [http://www.hotline.lv/aglona/ "Aglyunas Zvaneņš" - a Catholic weekly (in Latgalian)]
* [http://latgola.lv Community portal latgola.lv]
* [http://www.hood.edu/academic/latgale/language.shtml Latgalian Language at Latgale Research Center]
* [http://www.balticsww.com/latgalian.htm "Forgetting Latgalian" - A Survey on Language Status]
* [http://www.lkcizdevnieciba.lv Publishing House of Latgalian Culture Centre]