Chota (Cherokee town)

Chota and Tanasi Cherokee Village Sites
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
Monument at the Chota site
Location:	Monroe County, Tennessee
Nearest city:	Vonore
Coordinates:	35°33′18″N 84°7′52″W / 35.555°N 84.13111°W / 35.555; -84.13111Coordinates: 35°33′18″N 84°7′52″W / 35.555°N 84.13111°W / 35.555; -84.13111
Built:	c. 1600-1745 A.D.
Governing body:	Eastern Band of the Cherokee Nation
NRHP Reference#:	73001813
Added to NRHP:	1973

Chota (also spelled Chote, Echota, Itsati, and other similar variations) is a historic Overhill Cherokee site in Monroe County, Tennessee, in the southeastern United States. For much of its history, Chota was the most important of the Overhill towns, serving as the de facto capital of the Cherokee people from the late 1740s until 1788. A number of prominent Cherokee leaders were born or resided at Chota, among them Attakullakulla, Oconostota, Old Hop, Old Tassel, Hanging Maw, and Nancy Ward.^[1][2]

The Chota site developed adjacent to the Overhill town of Tanasi, which preceded Chota as the unofficial Cherokee capital. The two sites share a listing on the National Register of Historic Places, although Tanasi received its own archaeological site designation (40MR62) in 1972. Both sites are now mostly submerged by the Tellico Lake impoundment of the Little Tennessee River.

The Chota townhouse site was raised above the reservoir's operating levels and connected via causeway to the mainland. The Chota monument, situated directly above the ancient townhouse site, consists of eight pillars —one for each of the seven Cherokee clans, and one for the nation. The grave of the chief Oconostota, uncovered in the 1969 excavations, was re-interred next to the monument. The site is now managed by the Eastern Band of the Cherokee.

Geographical setting

The Little Tennessee River enters Tennessee from its source in the Appalachian Mountains and flows for just over 50 miles (80 km) through parts of Blount, Monroe, and Loudon counties before emptying into the Tennessee River near Lenoir City. Tellico Lake, created by the completion of Tellico Dam in 1979, spans the lower 33 miles (53 km) of the river. The Chota site is located approximately 27 miles (43 km) above the mouth of the river, opposite a sharp bend in the river known as Bacon's Bend.

Both Chota and Tanasi are situated on a relatively flat terrace flanked by steep hills rising to the south. These hills are part of the Appalachian Ridge-and-Valley Physiographic Province, which is characterized by narrow, elongate ridges and steep hills. The Great Smoky Mountains and the Unicoi Mountains, both part of the main Appalachian crest, rise a few miles to the southeast and southwest, respectively.

The Tanasi and Chota monuments are located just off Highway 360 (Citico Road) on Bacon Ferry Road, which ends in a cul-de-sac parking lot. A short maintained trail connects the parking lot to the Chota monument.

History

Rise of Chota

Chota doesn't appear in historical records until around 1745.^[3] Tanasi is first mentioned much earlier in the century, namely as the base or destination of various traders and diplomats. Tanasi appears on multiple maps of the Overhill territory in the 1720s and 1730s, but Chota doesn't, which suggests that Chota may have been part of Tanasi, or may not have been considered a town before the 1740s.^[4] In the 1720s, the head man of Tanasi— known simply as the "Tanasi Warrior"— was the chief of the Overhill towns in what is now Tennessee and the Middle and Valley towns in North Carolina.^[5] In 1730, however, Moytoy of Tellico, with the help of flamboyant emissary Alexander Cuming, was crowned "Emperor of the Cherokee." This effectively shifted the capital to Great Tellico, where Moytoy was chief.^[6]

When Moytoy died in 1741, his son, Amouskositte, attempted to succeed him as emperor. Old Hop, the head man at Chota, began to consolidate power, and by 1753 Chota had usurped Great Tellico as the "mother town" of the Overhill Cherokee.^[7][8] Around this time, on the eve of the French and Indian War, the Cherokee were reportedly leaning toward the French side, prompting the English colonies of Virginia and South Carolina to increase contact with the Overhill towns. Virginia sent Major Andrew Lewis with 60 men to build a fort at Chota, which was completed in August of 1756, but never garrisoned. Later that year, South Carolina sent engineer William de Brahm with 300 men to build Fort Loudoun, which was completed in March of 1757. By 1760, relations between the British and Cherokee had soured, and the Cherokee laid siege to Fort Loudoun. Spoils from the fort were taken to Chota.^[9]

Timberlake's visit, 1761-2

Detail of Chota from Timberlake's 1765 "Draught of the Cherokee Country"

After the fall of Fort Loudoun, the Overhill towns immediately sued for peace, which was granted in the Treaty of Long Island in 1761. Virginia dispatched a delegation led by Henry Timberlake to solidify peace with the Overhill towns. Timberlake arrived at Chota in late December of 1761, accompanied by Ostenaco (the head man at Tomotley). At a ceremony inside the Chota townhouse, Ostenaco ceremoniously buried a hatchet, symbolizing peace between the British and Cherokee. Timberlake spent the night in Old Hop's "hot-house" (a circular dwelling used by the Overhill Cherokee in cooler months) before proceeding to Citico the next day.^[10]

Timberlake's "Draught of the Cherokee Country" reported 52 dwellings and a townhouse at Chota. Kanagatucko (Old Hop) was listed as governor of both Chota and Tanasi. The 175 warriors available at Chota is the second-largest contingent among the Overhill towns, behind only Citico.

Decline

Oconostota's grave site at Chota

At the outbreak of the American Revolution, the Cherokee aligned themselves with the British. In 1776, Dragging Canoe (the head man at Mialoquo) and Old Abraham of Chilhowee led an unsuccessful two-pronged attack against Fort Watauga and Heaton's Station. In response, Virginia sent Colonel William Christian with a small force to subdue the Overhill towns. Christian entered the Little Tennessee Valley unopposed, and negotiated a truce with Attakullakulla and Oconastota. When Dragging Canoe refused to negotiate, however, Christian destroyed the towns of Great Tellico, Citico, Mialoquo, Chilhowee, and Toqua.^[11]

In 1780, John Sevier, who had just returned from the Battle of Kings Mountain, led an invasion of the Overhill country in response to several attacks on American settlements by renegade Cherokees. Most of the Overhill towns, including Chota, were destroyed. Chota had been rebuilt by 1784, but it never recovered its former status. In 1788, Old Tassel— who had become the leader of the Overhill towns after the death of Oconastota— was murdered under a flag of truce at Chilhowee.^[12] Largely in response to this incident, the Cherokee capital was moved to Ustanali, near modern Calhoun, Georgia.^[13][14]

In the late 1790s, the Duke of Orleans paid a visit to the Tellico Blockhouse while on a tour of East Tennessee. The duke witnessed over 600 Cherokees engage in a "ballplay" at Chota, and even bet 6 gallons of brandy on the outcome.^[15] By this time, only 5 dwellings remained in the town.^[16]

Archaeological findings

Burial mound at the Sequoyah Museum, where 191 burials uncovered in the Tellico Archaeological Project were reinterred

Cyrus Thomas, working for the Smithsonian Institution, conducted a mound survey of the Little Tennessee Valley in the 1880s. Thomas excavated a mound at the Chota site and uncovered several artifacts. In 1939, the University of Tennessee, mainly under the auspices of Thomas Lewis and Madeline Kneburg, conducted excavations at the Chota site with the aide of the Works Projects Administration. Their findings, which Lewis and Kneburg hoped would provide comparison data for their Hiwassee Island findings, included 85 pit features, 12 burials, and one structure.^[17]

After the Tennessee Valley Authority announced plans to build Tellico Dam in 1967, the University of Tennessee initiated a plan to conduct salvage excavations throughout the Little Tennessee Valley. Excavations were conducted at Chota between 1969 and 1974, as litigation stalled the dam project. The excavations uncovered 783 features (mostly refuse pits), the postmold layouts of 31 structures, and 91 burials.^[18] Burial 10, uncovered in 1969, was identified by its grave goods (namely a pair of wire spectacles) as that of Oconostota.^[19] Thousands of stone and ceramic artifacts were uncovered, including projectile points dating to the Archaic period (8000–1000 B.C.).^[20]

The structures uncovered at Chota included two townhouses, one of which had a diameter of 60 feet (18 m) and another with a diameter of just over 50 feet (15 m). The smaller townhouse, which was slightly older, may have been the Tanasi townhouse. Other structures included a 48 feet (15 m) x 23 feet (7.0 m) summer pavilion flanked by a 100 feet (30 m) x 160 feet (49 m) village plaza, and 11 rectangular summer dwelling/circular winter dwelling pairings. Dwellings were spaced between 40 feet (12 m) and 100 feet (30 m) apart, and were located as far as 2,000 feet (610 m) from the townhouse.^[21] One of the dwellings was classified as Early Mississippian (c. 1000–1300 A.D.), while the others were Cherokee.^[22]

In 1986, the burials revealed at the Chota site were reinterred in a burial mound at the Sequoyah Museum, near Vonore.^[23] The exception were the remains of Oconostota, which were buried next to the Chota monument as desired by the Cherokee.

Chota monument pillars

• 

  Bird Clan (Ani-tsiskwa)
• 

  Blue Clan (Ani-sahoni)
• 

  Deer Clan (Ani-kawi)
• 

  Long Hair Clan (Ani-gilohi)
• 

  Paint Clan (Ani-wodi)
• 

  Wild Potato Clan (Ani-gatagewi)
• 

  Wolf Clan (Ani-waya)

See also

• New Echota

References

1. ^ Gerald Schroedl, "Chota." The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture, 2002. Retrieved: 16 April 2008.
2. ^ David Ray Smith, "Nancy Ward." The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture, 2002. Retrieved: 15 April 2008.
3. ^ Gerald Schroedl (ed.), Overhill Cherokee Archaeology at Chota-Tanasee (University of Tennessee Department of Anthropology, Report of Investigations 38, 1986), 9.
4. ^ Schroedl, Overhill Cherokee Archaeology at Chota-Tanasee, 9.
5. ^ Samuel Cole Williams, Early Travels in the Tennessee Country, 1540-1800 (Johnson City, Tenn.: The Watauga Press, 1928), 97-101.
6. ^ Williams, Early Travels, 122-127.
7. ^ Jefferson Chapman, Tellico Archaeology: 12,000 Years of Native American History (Tennessee Valley Authority, 1985), 104.
8. ^ Schroedl, Overhill Cherokee Archaeology at Chota-Tanasee, 9.
9. ^ Schroedl, Overhill Cherokee Archaeology at Chota-Tanasee, 10-12.
10. ^ Henry Timberlake, Samuel Cole Williams (ed.), Memoirs, 1756-1765 (Marietta, Georgia: Continental Book Co., 1948), 59-62.
11. ^ Schroedl, Overhill Cherokee Archaeology at Chota-Tanasee, 12-13.
12. ^ Inez Burns, History of Blount County, Tennessee: From War Trail to Landing Strip, 1795-1955 (Nashville: Benson Print Co., 1957), 11-16.
13. ^ Schroedl, Overhill Archaeology at Chota-Tanasee, 14.
14. ^ Alberta and Carson Brewer, Valley So Wild (Knoxville, Tenn.: East Tennessee Historical Society, 1975), 58.
15. ^ Brewer and Brewer, Valley So Wild, 58.
16. ^ Schroedl, Overhill Cherokee Archaeology at Chota-Tanasee, 14.
17. ^ Schroedl, Overhill Cherokee Archaeology at Chota-Tanasee, 16-20.
18. ^ Schroedl, Overhill Cherokee Archaeology at Chota-Tanasee, 38-39.
19. ^ Schroedl, Overhill Cherokee Archaeology at Chota-Tanasee, 134-136.
20. ^ Schroedl, Overhill Cherokee Archaeology at Chota-Tanasee, 379, 544.
21. ^ Schroedl, Overhill Cherokee Archaeology at Chota-Tanasee, 263-287.
22. ^ Schroedl, Overhill Cherokee Archaeology at Chota-Tanasee, 217.
23. ^ Schroedl, Overhill Cherokee Archaeology at Chota-Tanasee, 204.

External links

• Frank H. McClung Museum
• Eastern Band of the Cherokee Nation