Valens Aqueduct

The Valens Aqueduct ( _tr. Bozdoğan Kemeri, meaning "Aqueduct of the grey falcon"; _gr. Άγωγός του ὔδατος, "Agōgós tou hýdatos", meaning simply "aqueduct") was the major water-providing system of medieval Constantinople (modern Istanbul, in Turkey). Restored by several Ottoman Sultans, it is one of the most important landmarks of the city.

Location

The aqueduct stands in Istanbul, in the quarter of Fatih, and spans the valley between the hills occupied today by the Istanbul University and the Fatih Mosque. The surviving section is 921 meters long, about 50 meters less than the original length.Mamboury, p. 196.] The "Atatürk Bulvarı" highway passes under its arches.

History

Byzantine period

The construction of a water supply system for the city (then still called Byzantium) had begun already under Emperor Hadrian. [Evans, p. 30.] Under Constantine I, when the city was rebuilt and increased in size, the system needed to be greatly expanded to meet the needs of the rapidly growing population.Mamboury, p. 193.]

The Valens aqueduct, which originally got its water from the slopes of the hills between Kağıthane and the Sea of Marmara,Mamboury, p. 202.] was merely one of the terminal points of this new wide system of aqueducts and canals - which eventually reached over 250 kilometers in total length, the longest such system of Antiquity - that stretched throughout the hill-country of Thrace and provided the capital with water. Once in the city, the water was stored in three open reservoirs and over a hundred underground cisterns, such as the Basilica Cistern, with a total capacity of over 1 million cubic meters. [Evans, p. 31.]

The exact date that construction on the aqueduct began is uncertain, but it was completed in the year 368 during the reign of Emperor Valens, whose name it bears. It lay along the valley between the third and fourth hills of Constantinople, occupied respectively at that time by the Capitolium and the Church of the Holy Apostles.Müller-Wiener, p. 273.] According to tradition, the aqueduct was built using the stones of the walls of Chalcedon, pulled down as punishment in 366 after the revolt of Procopius.Müller-Wiener, p. 273.] The structure was inaugurated in the year 373 by the urban prefect Klearchos, who commissioned a "Nymphaeum Maius" in the Forum of Theodosius, that was supplied with water from the aqueduct.Müller-Wiener, p. 273.] cref|a

After a severe drought in 382, Theodosius I built a new line (the "Aquaeductus Theodosiacus"), which took water from the northeastern region known today as “Belgrade Forest”.Mamboury, p. 193.] Other works were executed under Theodosius II, who decided to distribute the water of the aqueduct exclusively to the Nymphaeum, the Baths of Zeuxippus and the Great Palace of Constantinople.Mamboury, p. 193.] The aqueduct, possibly damaged by an earthquake, was restored under Emperor Justinian I, who connected it with the Cistern of the Basilica of Illuscref|b (identified today either with the "Yerebatan" or with the "Binbirdirek" ( _tr. Turkish): "thousand and one columns") cistern, and was repaired in 576 by Justin II, who built a separate pipe.Müller-Wiener, p. 273.] Mamboury, p. 194.]

The aqueduct was cut by the Avars during the siege of 626, and the water supply was reestablished only after the great drought of 758 by Emperor Constantine V.Müller-Wiener, p. 273.] The Emperor had the whole water supply system repaired by a certain Patrikios, who used a large labour force coming from the whole of Greece and Anatolia.Müller-Wiener, p. 273.]

Other maintenance works were accomplished under Emperors Basil II (in 1019) and Romanos III Argyros.Müller-Wiener, p. 274.] Mamboury, p. 202.]

The last Byzantine Emperor who took care of the aqueduct was Andronikos I Komnenos.Mamboury, p. 194.] Neither during the Latin Empire nor during the Palaiologan age were any repair works executed, but by that time the population of the city had shrunk to about 40,000 - 50,000 inhabitants, so that the water supply was no longer a very important issue.Mamboury, p. 202.] Nevertheless, according to Ruy Gonzáles de Clavijo, a Castilian diplomat who traveled to Constantinople en route to an embassy to Timur in 1403, the aqueduct was still functioning.Müller-Wiener, p. 273.]

Ottoman period

After the Fall of Constantinople (1453), Sultan Mehmet II repaired the whole water supply, which was then used to bring water to the imperial palaces of "Eski Sarayi" (the first palace, built on the third hill) and Topkapı Sarayi, and connected it with a new line coming from the northeast. The great earthquake of 1509 destroyed the arches near the Mosque of Şehzade, which was erected some time later. This gave rise to the popular legend that they were cut, in order to allow a better view from the nearby mosque. The repairs to the water-supplying net continued under Beyazid II, who added a new line.Müller-Wiener, p. 274.]

Around the middle of the 16th century, Suleyman I rebuilt arches (now ogival) 47 up to 51 (counted from the west) near the Şehzade Mosque, and commissioned the Imperial Architect Sinan to add two more lines, coming from the Forest of Belgrade ("Belgrat Ormanlı").Mamboury, p. 202.] The increased flow allowed the distribution of water to the "Kιrkçeşme" ("Forty Fountains") quarter, situated along the aqueduct on the Golden Horn side, and so called after the many fountains built there under Suleyman.Mamboury, p. 202.]

Under Sultan Mustafa II, five arches (41-45) were restored, respecting the ancient form. An inscription "in situ", dated 1696/97, commemorates the event.Müller-Wiener, p. 274.] His successor Ahmed III repaired again the distribution net.Müller-Wiener, p. 274.]

In 1912, a 50-meter-long part of the aqueduct near the Fatih Mosque was pulled down.Mamboury, p. 202.] In the same period, a new modern "Taksim" ("distribution plant", "lit." 'division') at the east end was erected.Mamboury, p. 202.]

Description

The Aqueduct of Valens had a length of 971 meters and a maximum height of ca. 29 meters (63 meters above sea level) with a constant slope of 1:1000.Müller-Wiener, p. 273.] Arches 1-40 and 46-51 belong to the time of Valens, arches 41-45 to Mustafa II, and those between 52 and 56 to Suleyman I.Eyice, p. 78.] Arches 18-73 have a double order, the others a single order.Eyice, 78] Müller-Wiener, p. 273.]

Originally the structure ran perfectly straight, but during the construction of the Fatih Mosque - for unknown reasons - it was bent in that section.Mamboury, p. 203.] The masonry is not regular, and uses a combination of ashlar blocks and bricks.Müller-Wiener, p. 273.] The first row of arches is built with well-squared stone blocks, the upper row is built with four to seven courses of stones alternated with a bed of smaller material ("opus caementitium") clamped with iron cramps.Mamboury, p. 203.] The width of the aqueduct varies from 7.75 meters to 8.24 meters.Müller-Wiener, p. 273.] The pillars are 3.70 meters thick, and the arches of the lower order are four meters wide.Mamboury, p. 203.]

The water comes from two lines from the northeast and one coming from the northwest, which join together outside the walls, near the Adrianople Gate (Edirne Kapı).Mamboury, p. 196.] Near the east end of the aqueduct there is a distribution plant, and another lies near Hagia Sophia. The water feeds the zone of the imperial palace.Mamboury, p. 203.] The daily discharge in the 1950s amounted to 6,120 cubic meters.Mamboury, p. 203.] During Byzantine times, two roads important for the topography of medieval Constantinople crossed under the eastern section of the aqueduct.Mamboury, p. 203.]

Notes

References

ources

*cite book
last=Janin
first= Raymond
title=Constantinople Byzantine
publisher=Institut Français d'Etudes Byzantines
location=Paris
year=1950
*cite book
last=Mamboury
first= Ernest
title=The Tourists' Istanbul
publisher=Çituri Biraderler Basımevi
location=Istanbul
year=1953
*cite book
last=Eyice
first= Semavi
title=Istanbul. Petite Guide a travers les Monuments Byzantins et Turcs
publisher=Istanbul Matbaası
location=Istanbul
year=1955
*cite book
last=Gülersoy
first= Çelik
title=A Guide to Istanbul
publisher=Istanbul Kitaplığı
location=Istanbul
year=1976
oclc = 3849706
*cite book
last=Müller-Wiener
first= Wolfgang
title=Bildlexikon zur Topographie Istanbuls: Byzantion, Konstantinupolis, Istanbul bis zum Beginn d. 17 Jh
publisher=Wasmuth
location=Tübingen
year=1977
isbn = 9783803010223

*cite book
last=Evans
first=J.A.S.
title=The Age of Justinian: The Circumstances of Imperial Power
publisher=Routledge
year=1996
*cite book
last = Freely
first = John
year = 2000
title = Blue Guide Istanbul
publisher = W. W. Norton & Company
location =
id = ISBN 0393320146

External links

* [http://www.byzantium1200.com/aquaduct.html Byzantium 1200 - Aquaeduct of Valens]
* [http://longwalls.ncl.ac.uk/WaterSupply.htm The Water Supply of Constantinople (Research Project)]