Alexander Catsch

Alexander Catsch (Katsch) (1913 – 1976 in Karlsruhe) was a German-Russian medical doctor and radiation biologist. Up to the end of World War II, he worked in Nikolaj Vladimirovich Timefeev-Resovskij’s "Abteilung für Experimentelle Genetik" at the "Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Hirnforschung" (KWIH, Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Brain Research). He was taken prisoner by the Russians at the close of World War II. Initially, he worked in Nikolaus Riehl’s group at Plant No. 12 in Ehlektrostal’, but at the end of 1947 was sent to work in Sungul' at a sharshka known under the cover name Ob’ekt 0211. At the Sungul' facility, he again worked in biological research department under the direction of Timofeev-Resovskij. When Catsch returned to Germany in the mid-1950s, he fled to the West. He worked at the "Biophysikalische Abteilung des Heiligenberg-Instituts" and then at the "Institut für Strahlenbiologie am Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe". While in Karlsruhe, he was also appointed, in 1962, to the newly created "Lehrstuhl für Strahlenbiologie", at the "Technische Hochschule Karlsruhe". In West Germany, he developed methods to extract radionucleotides from various organs.

Early life

Catsch was half-German and half-Russian. [ Albrecht, Heinemann-Grüder, and Wellmann, 2001, Reference #27 on p. 60.]

Education

Catsch was trained as a medical doctor. [ Riehl and Seitz, 1996, 121.]

Career

In Germany

As early as 1938, Catsch cited his affiliation with the "I. Medizinischen Universitätsklinik der Charité"; "Charité" was a teaching and research hospital in Berlin. [ Alexander Catsch "Korrelationspathologische Untersuchungen 1. Die Korrelationen von Erbleiden und Anlagestörungen des Auges", "Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology" Volume 138, Number 6, 866-892 (1938). The author was identified as being at the "I. Medizinischen Universitätsklinik der Charité", Berlin.] No later than 1942, he was at the "Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Hirnforschung" (KWIH, Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Brain Research) [ Today, the KWIH is known as the "Max-Planck Institut für Hirnforschung", [http://www.mpih-frankfurt.mpg.de/global/menue/profil.htm MPIH] . After World War II, all of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institutes were named after the physicist Max Planck.] of the " Kaiser-Wilhelm Gesellschaft", in Berlin-Buch. At the KWIH, he was in Nikolaj Vladimirovich Timofeev-Resovskij’s "Abteilung für Experimentelle Genetik" (Department for Experimental Genetics), [ I. Sell-Beleites and A. Catsch "Mutationsauslösung durch Ultraviolettes Licht bei Drosophila I. Dosisversuche mit filtriertem Ultraviolett", "Molecular and General Genetics" Volume 80, Number 1, 551-557 (1942). The authors were identified as being at the "Genetischen Abteilung des Kaiser Wilhelm-Instituts", Berlin-Buch, Germany. The article was received on 5 August 1942.] a world-renowned department with the status of an institute. There, Catsch conducted research on the effects of radiation on genetic mutations.

What happened to Catsch after the Russians entered Berlin at the close of World War II is best understood in the context of his colleagues Karl Zimmer and Hans-Joachim Born at the KWIH, who had a close professional relationship with Nikolaus Riehl, the scientific director of the Auergesellschaft, in Berlin.

At the close of World War II, Russia had special search teams operating in Austria and Germany, especially in Berlin, to identify and “requisition” equipment, materiel, intellectual property, and personnel useful to the Soviet atomic bomb project. The exploitation teams were under the Russian Alsos, and they were headed by Lavrenij Beria’s deputy, Colonel General A. P. Zavenyagin. These teams were composed of scientific staff members, in NKVD officer’s uniforms, from the bomb project’s only laboratory, Laboratory No. 2, in Moscow. In mid-May 1945, the Russian nuclear physicists Georgy Flerov and Lev Artsimovich, in NKVD colonel’s uniforms, compelled Zimmer to take them to the location of Riehl and his staff, who had evacuated their "Auergesellschaft" facilities and were west of Berlin, hoping to be in an area occupied by the American or British military forces. Riehl was detained at the search team’s facility in Berlin-Friedrichshagen for a week. This sojourn in Berlin turned into 10 years in the Soviet Union! Riehl and his staff, including their families, were flown to Moscow on 9 July 1945. Riehl was to head up a uranium production group at Plant No. 12 in Ehlektrostal’ (Электросталь [”Электросталь” is sometimes transliterated as “Elektrostal”. A one-to-one transliteration scheme transliterates the Cyrillic letter “Э” as “Eh”, which distinguishes it from that for the Cyrillic letter “Е” given as “E”. Transliterations often also drop the soft sign “ь”.] ). [ Riehl and Seitz, 1996, 71-72.] [ Oleynikov, 2000, 7.]

In Russia

From 1945 to 1950, Riehl was in charge of uranium production at Plant No. 12 in Ehlektrostal'. When Riehl learned that H. J. Born and Karl Zimmer were being held in Krasnogorsk, in the main PoW camp for Germans with scientific degrees, Riehl arranged though Zavenyagin to have them sent to Ehlektrostal’. Catsch, who had been taken prisoner with Zimmer, was also sent to the Ehlektrostal’ Plant No. 12. [ [http://dlc.lib.utk.edu/f/fa/fulltext/0839.html Karl G. Zimmer Papers] – University of Tennessee.] At Ehlektrostal’, Riehl had a hard time incorporating Born, Catsch, and Zimmer into his tasking on uranium production, as Born was a radiochemist, Catsch was a physician and radiation biologist, and Zimmer was a physicist and radiation biologist. [ Riehl and Seitz, 1996, 2, 31, 71, 83, 89-104, 121-128, and 202.] [ Maddrell, 2006, 179-180, 186, 189, and 210-221.] [ Oleynikov, 2000, 11, and 15-16.]

After the detonation of the Russian uranium bomb, uranium production was going smoothly and Riehl’s oversight was no longer necessary at Plant No. 12. Riehl then went, in 1950, to head an institute in Sungul', where he stayed until 1952. Essentially the remaining personnel in his group were assigned elsewhere, with the exception of H. E. Ortmann, A. Baroni (PoW), and Herbert Schmitz (PoW), who went with Riehl. However, Riehl had already sent Born, Catsch, and Zimmer to the institute in December 1947. The institute in Sungul’ was responsible for the handling, treatment, and use of radioactive products generated in reactors, as well as radiation biology, dosimetry, and radiochemistry. The institute was known as Laboratory B, and it was overseen by the 9th Chief Directorate of the NKVD (MVD after 1946), the same organization which oversaw the Russian Alsos operation. The scientific staff of Laboratory B – a ShARAShKA – was both Soviet and German, the former being mostly political prisoners or exiles, although some of the service staff were criminals. [ Riehl and Seitz, 1996, 121-128, and 202.] [ Oleynikov, 2000, 15-17.] (Laboratory V, in Obninsk, headed by Heinz Pose, was also a sharashka and working on the Soviet atomic bomb project. Other notable Germans at the facility were Werner Czulius, Hans Jürgen von Oertzen, Ernst Rexer, and Carl Friedrich Weiss. [Polunin, V. V. and V. A. Staroverov "Personnel of Special Services in the Soviet Atomic Project 1945 – 1953" [In Russian] [http://www.fsb.ru/history/autors/polunin.html (FSB, 2004)] .] )

Laboratory B was known under another cover name [ The Russians used various types of cover names for facilities to obfuscate both the location and function of a facility; in fact, the same facility could have multiple and changing designations. The nuclear design bureau and assembly plant Arzamas-16, for example, had more than one designation – see Yuli Khariton and Yuri Smirnov "The Khariton Version", "Bulletin of the Atomic Scientist", 20-31 (May 1993). Some facilities were know by post office box numbers, "почтовом ящике" (pochtovom yashike), abbreviated as "п/я". See Maddrell, 2006, 182-183. Also see Demidov, A. A. "On the tracks of one “Anniversary”" [In Russian] [http://www.sarov.info/index.php?ch=ngn&id=4871&view=article&prevview=arc&year=2005&month=8 11.08.2005] , which relates the history changing post office box designations for Arzamas-16.] as "Объект 0211" (Ob’ekt 0211, Object 0211), as well as Object B. [ Timofeev-Resovskij, N. V. "Kratkaya Avtobiograficheskaya Zapiska" ("Brief Autobiographical Note") [http://www.jinr.ru/drrr/Timofeeff/auto/auto_r.html (14 October 1977)] .] ["“Я ПРОЖИЛ СЧАСТЛИВУЮ ЖИЗНЬ” К 90-летию со дня рождения Н. В. Тимофеева-Ресовского (“I Lived a Happy Life” – In Honor of the 90th Anniversary of the Birth of Timofeev-Resovskij", "ИСТОРИЯ НАУКИ. БИОЛОГИЯ (History of Science – Biology)", 1990, № 9, 68-104 [http://www.ihst.ru/projects/sohist/papers/priroda/1990/9/68-104.pdf (1990)] . This commemorative has many photographs of Timofeev-Resovskij.] [Ratner, V. A. "Session in Memory of N. V. Timofeev-Resovskij in the Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Department of the Russian Academy of Sciences" [In Russian] , "Vestnik VOGis" Article 4, No. 15 [http://www.bionet.nsc.ru/vogis/vestnik.php?f=2000&p=15_4 (2000)] .] [ Izvarina, E. "Nuclear project in the Urals: History in Photographs" [In Russian] "Nauka Urala" Numbers 12-13, June [http://www.ch70.chel.su/newsview.phtml?id=20060601_01 2000] .] (In 1955, Laboratory B was closed. Some of its personnel were transferred elsewhere, but most of them were assimilated into a new, second nuclear weapons institute, Scientific Research Institute-1011, NII-1011, today known as the Russian Federal Nuclear Center All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Technical Physics, RFYaTs–VNIITF. NII-1011 had the designation "предприятие п/я 0215", i.e., enterprise post office box 0215 and "Объект 0215"; the latter designation has also been used in reference to Laboratory B after its closure and assimilation into NII-1011. [ Sulakshin, S. S. (Scientific Editor) "Social and Political Process of Economic Status of Russia" [In Russian] [http://old.rusrand.ru/netcat_files/183_8.pdf 2005] .] [ [http://www.ch70.chel.su/creators.phtml RFYaTS-VNIITF Creators] – See the entry for "УРАЛЕЦ Александр Константинович" (URALETs Aleksandr Konctantinovich) [In Russian] .] [ [http://www.ch70.chel.su/creators.phtml RFYaTS-VNIITF Creators] – See the entry for "ТИМОФЕЕВ-РЕСОВСКИЙ Николай Владимирович " (TIMOFEEV-RESOVSKIJ Nikolaj Vladimorovich) [In Russian] .] [ Penzina, V. V. "Archive of the Russian Federal Nuclear Centre of the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Technical Physics, named after E. I. Zababakhin. Resource No. 1 – Laboratory "B"." [In Russian] ( [http://chelarhiv.ru/vestnik/8/ayd.html VNIITF] ). Penzina is cited as head of the VNIITF Archive in Snezhinsk.] )

One of the political prisoners in Laboratory B was Riehls’ colleague from the KWIH, N. V. Timofeev-Resovskij, who, as a Soviet citizen, was arrested by the Soviet forces in Berlin at the conclusion of the war, and he was sentenced to 10 years in the Gulag. In 1947, Timofeev-Resovskij was rescued out of a harsh Gulag prison camp, nursed back to health, and sent to Sungul' to complete his sentence, but still make a contribution to the Soviet atomic bomb project. At Laboratory B, Timofeev-Resovskij headed a biophysics research department, in which Born, Catsch, and Zimmer were able to conduct work similar to that which they had done in Germany, and all three became section heads in Timofeev-Resovskij’s department. In fact, in Sungul', Catsch began his work on developing methods to extract radionucleotides from various organs, which he would continue when he left Russia. [ Riehl and Seitz, 1996, 121-128, and 202.] [ Oleynikov, 2000, 15-17.] [ Penzina, V. V. "Archive of the Russian Federal Nuclear Centre of the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Technical Physics, named after E. I. Zababakhin. Resource No. 1 – Laboratory "B"." [In Russian] ( [http://chelarhiv.ru/vestnik/8/ayd.html VNIITF] ). Penzina is cited as head of the VNIITF Archive in Snezhinsk.]

In preparation for release from the Soviet Union, it was standard practice to put personnel into quarantine for a few years if they worked on projects related to the Soviet atomic bomb project, as was the case for Catsch. Additionally, in 1954, the Deutsche Demokratische Republik (DDR, German Democratic Republic) and the Soviet Union prepared a list of scientists they wished to keep in the DDR, due to their having worked on projects related to the Soviet atomic bomb project; this list was known as the “A-list”. On this A-list were the names of 18 scientists. Nine, possibly 10, of the names were associated with the Riehl group which worked at Plant No. 12 in Ehlektrostal'. Born, Catsch, Riehl, and Zimmer were on the list. [ The A-list prepared by East Germany and the Soviet Union in 1954 had 18 names on it. These Germans were to be encouraged to stay in East Germany, as they had done work on the Soviet atomic bomb project. At least nine members worked in Riehl’s group at Ehlektrostal’:
*Hans-Joachim Born, Alexander Catsch, Werner Kirst, Przybilla, Nikolaus Riehl, Herbert Thieme, Tobein, Günter Wirths, and Karl Zimmer.
*Schmidt may be may be a tenth Riehl group member Herbert Schmitz, or the name may refer to Fritz Schmidt, another nuclear scientist who was returned to Germany. Others on the list were:
*Heinz Barwich, Justus Mühlenpfordt, and Karl-Franz Zühlke, who all worked at Institute G headed by Gustav Hertz,
*Ingrid Schilling and Alfred Schimohr, who both worked at Institute A headed by Manfred von Ardenne,
*Willi Lange, Gerhard Siewert, and Ludwig Ziehl.See Maddrell, 2006, 179-180.] [ Riehl and Seitz, 1996, 137-139.] [ Maddrell, 2006, 179-180.]

In Russia, Catsch was given a patronymic and his last name was transliterated from German into Russian; transliterated into English his name became Aleksandr Sergeevich Katsch. [ Oleynikov, 2000, Reference #154, p. 29.] [ Albrecht, Heinemann-Grüder, and Wellmann, 2001, Reference #27 on p. 60.]

In Germany Again

Catsch returned to the DDR in the mid-1950s and fled West. Riehl arrived in the DDR on 4 April 1955, and by early June he was in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG). Other colleagues of Riehl who worked with him in Russia also went West; Günter Wirths fled to the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and Karl Zimmer went legally. [ Maddrell, 2006, 179-180.]

As early as 1956, Catsch was at the "Biophysikalische Abteilung des Heiligenberg-Instituts", in Heiligenberg, Baden, Germany. [ A. Catsch "Die Wirkung von Calcium- und Cer-diaminozyklohexantetraessigsaurem Natrium auf die Verteilung von Radiocer im Organismus der Ratte", "Naturwissenschaften" Volume 43, Number 22, 520-521 (1956). The author was identified as being at the "Biophysikalische Abteilung des Heiligenberg-Instituts", Heiligenberg, Baden, Germany. The article was received on 21 September 1956.]

No later than 1958, he was at the "Institut für Strahlenbiologie" of the "Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe" (KFK, Karlsruhe Nuclear Research Center), which was founded in 1956 and today is known as the "Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe" (FZK, Karlsruhe Research Centere). It was allied with the "Technische Hochschule Karlsruhe"; today, it is known as the " Universität Karlsruhe (TH)", after its reorganization and renaming in the academic year 1967/1968. In 1962, while still at the KFK, Catsch was appointed to the newly created "Lehrstuhl für Strahlenbiologie" at the "Technische Hochschule Karlsruhe". [ A. Catsch "A Simple Analytical Method for the Determination of the Ratio of the Mother and Daughter Substances in Radioactive Preparations" [In Geman] , "Experientia" (Switzerland) Volume 14, 345-346 (1958). Institutional affiliation: "Institut für Strahlenbiologie an der Reaktor-Station", Karlsruhe, Germany.] [ [http://www.chem-bio.uni-karlsruhe.de/19.php Catsch] - History of Biology, "Fakultät für Chemie und Biowissenschaften", " Universität Karlsruhe (TH)".]

Personal

Catsch was married to a Jewish woman. [ Albrecht, Heinemann-Grüder, and Wellmann, 2001, Reference #27 on p. 60.]

Karl Zimmer and Catsch were lifelong friends, as well as professional colleagues. [ A. Catsch "60th anniversary of K.G. Zimmer" [In German] , "Strahlentherapie" Volume 142, Number 1, 124-5 (1971)] [ Zimmer, K. G. "Alexander Catsch's 60th anniversary" [In German] , "Strahlentherapie" Volume 145, Number 2, 238-239 (1973)]

Books

*A. Catsch "Radioactive Metal Mobilization in Medicine (American lecture series. Publication Number 560. A monograph in American lectures in living chemistry)" (C.C. Thomas, 1964)

*Alexander Catsch "Die Bedeutung energiereicher Strahlungen für die Biologie" (C. F. Müller, 1965)

*Alexander Catsch, Adolf Zuppinger, Lothar Diethelm, and Olle Olsson "Handbuch der medizinischen Radiologie. Bd. 2. Strahlenbiologie T. 2." (Springer, 1966)

*Alexander Catsch "Dekorporierung radioaktiver und stabiler Metallionen" (Thiemig, 1968)

*A. Catsch "The Chelation of Heavy Metals (International encyclopedia of pharmacology and therapeutics)" (Pergamon Press, 1979)
**Catsch, A., and A. E. Harmuth-Hoene "Pharmacology and Therapeutic Applications of Agents Used in Heavy Metal Poisoning" In Alexander Catsch "The Chelation of Heavy Metals" 171-183 (Pergammon Press, 1979)

Publications of the "KFK"

*Alexander Catsch, H. Immel-Teller, and D. Schindewolf-Jordan "Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe. Sonderabdrucke. 51. Die Verteilung von Radiocer in den Leberzellen und ihre Beeinflussung durch die Diäthylentriaminpentaessigsäure" (Gesellschaft für Kernforschung m.b.H., [http://bibliothek.fzk.de/zb/kfk-berichte/KFK0051.pdf 1961] )

*Alexander Catsch "Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe. Sonderabdrucke. 54. Die Dekorporation von Radionukliden" (Gesellschaft für Kernforschung m.b.H., [http://bibliothek.fzk.de/zb/kfk-berichte/KFK0054.pdf 1961] )

*Alexander Catsch and Glauco P. Tocchini-Valentini "Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe. Sonderabdrucke. 71. Der Einfluss einiger Polyaminopolycarbonsäuren auf die Verteilung von Thorium-234 im Organismus der Ratte" (Gesellschaft für Kernforschung m.b.H., [http://bibliothek.fzk.de/zb/kfk-berichte/KFK0071.pdf 1961] )

*Alexander Catsch "Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe. Sonderabdrucke. 76. Radioactive Metal Mobilization" (Gesellschaft f. Kernforschung m.b.H., [http://bibliothek.fzk.de/zb/kfk-berichte/KFK0076.pdf 1961] )

*Alexander Catsch "Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe. Sonderabdrucke. 124. Der Einfluss von Chelatbildnern auf das Verhalten von Blei im Organismus" (Gesellschaft für Kernforschung m.b.H., [http://bibliothek.fzk.de/zb/kfk-berichte/KFK0124.pdf 1962] )

*Alexander Catsch "Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe. Sonderabdruck. 136. Principles and trends in therapeutic removal of internally deposited radionuclides" (Gesellschaft f. Kernforschung m.b.H., [http://bibliothek.fzk.de/zb/kfk-berichte/KFK0136.pdf 1963] )

*Alexander Catsch "Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe. Sonderabdrucke. 174. Toxicology: Radioactive metals" (Gesellschaft für Kernforschung m.b.H., [http://bibliothek.fzk.de/zb/kfk-berichte/KFK0174.pdf 1963] )

*Alexander Catsch "Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe. Sonderabdrucke. 202. Zur Toxikologie der Diäthylentriaminpentaessigsäure" (Gesellschaft f. Kernforschung m.b.H., [http://bibliothek.fzk.de/zb/kfk-berichte/KFK0202.pdf 1964] )

*Alexander Catsch "Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe. Sonderabdrucke. 237. Dekorporation von Metallionen durch Komplexbildner" (Gesellschaft f. Kernforschung m.b.H., [http://bibliothek.fzk.de/zb/kfk-berichte/KFK0237.pdf 1964] ) Author affiliations: "Lehrstuhl für Strahlenbiologie, Technische Hochschule Karlsruhe" and "Institut für Strahlenbiologie am Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe".

*Alexander Catsch, Du Khuong Lê, and Danielle Chambault "Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe. Sonderabdrucke. 267. Evaluation of the efficacy of different metal chelates of DTPA in removing internally-deposited radionuclides" (Gesellschaft für Kernforschung m.b.H., [http://bibliothek.fzk.de/zb/kfk-berichte/KFK0267.pdf 1964] )
*Alexander Catsch and E. von Wedelstaedt "Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe. Sonderabdrucke. 338. Vergleichende Untersuchungen über die Toxizität der Ca- und Zn [II] -Chelate der Diäthylentriaminpentaessigsäure" (Gesellschaft für Kernforschung m.b.H., [http://bibliothek.fzk.de/zb/kfk-berichte/KFK0338.pdf 1965] )

*Alexander Catsch "Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe. 390. Medikamente gegen Vergiftungen mit radioaktiven Substanzen" (Gesellschaft für Kernforschung m.b.H., [http://bibliothek.fzk.de/zb/kfk-berichte/KFK0390.pdf 1966] )

*Alexander Catsch and D. Kh. Lê "Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe. Sonderabdrucke. 407. Removal of ⁶⁰Co and ⁶⁵Zn from the mammalian body" (Gesellschaft f. Kernforschung m.b.H., [http://bibliothek.fzk.de/zb/kfk-berichte/KFK0407.pdf 1965] )

*Alexander Catsch "Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe. 491. Das Verhalten von Radiozink-Chelaten im Säugetierorganismus" (Gesellschaft für Kernforschung m.b.H., 1966)

*Alexander Catsch "Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe. 873. Probleme der Chelat-Therapie" (Gesellschaft für Kernforschung m.b.H., 1968)

elected Literature

The majority of these literature citations have been garnered by searching on variations of the author’s name on [http://www.google.com/ Google] , [http://scholar.google.com/ Google Scholar] , and the [http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/ Energy Citations Database] .

*Alexander Catsch "Korrelationspathologische Untersuchungen 1. Die Korrelationen von Erbleiden und Anlagestörungen des Auges", "Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology" Volume 138, Number 6, 866-892 (1938). The author was identified as being at the "I. Medizinischen Universitätsklinik der Charité", Berlin.

*I. Sell-Beleites and A. Catsch "Mutationsauslösung durch Ultraviolettes Licht bei Drosophila I. Dosisversuche mit filtriertem Ultraviolett", "Molecular and General Genetics" Volume 80, Number 1, 551-557 (1942). The authors were identified as being at the "Genetischen Abteilung des Kaiser Wilhelm-Instituts", Berlin-Buch, Germany. The article was received on 5 August 1942.

*A. Catsch, A. Kanellis and Gh. Radu "Über den Einfluß des Alterns bestrahlter Spermien auf die Rate röntgeninduzierter Translokationen bei Drosophila melanogaster", "Naturwissenschaften" Volume 31, Numbers 33-34, 392 (1943)

*A. Catsch, Gh. Radu and A. Kanellis "Die Dosisproportionalität der durch Röntgenbestrahlung ausgelösten Translokationen zwischen II. und III. Chromosom bei Drosophila melanogaster", "Naturwissenschaften" Volume 31, Numbers 31-32, 368 (1943)

*A. Catsch, A. Kanellis, Gh. Radu and P. Welt "Über die Auslösung von Chromosomenmutationen bei Drosophila melanogaster mit Röntgenstrahlen verschiedener Wellenlänge", "Naturwissenschaften" Volume 32, Numbers 27-39, 228 (1944)

*A. Catsch, K. G. Zimmer, and O. Peter "Radio-Biological Research with Fast Neutrons" [In German] , "Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B: Anorg. Chem., Org. Chem., Biochem., Biophys." Volume 2b, 184 (1947)

*A. Catsch "Eine Erbliche Störung Des Bewegungsmechanismus Bei Drosophila Melanogaster", "Molecular and General Genetics" Volume 82, Number 1, 64-66 (1948). The author was identified as being at the "Genetischen Abteilung des Kaiser Wilhelm-Instituts", Berlin-Buch. The article was received on 1 April 1944.

*A. Catsch "Die Wirkung von Calcium- und Cer-diaminozyklohexantetraessigsaurem Natrium auf die Verteilung von Radiocer im Organismus der Ratte", "Naturwissenschaften" Volume 43, Number 22, 520-521 (1956). The author was identified as being at the "Biophysikalische Abteilung des Heiligenberg-Instituts", Heiligenberg, Baden, Germany. The article was received on 21 September 1956.

*A. Catsch "Survey of the Therapeutics of Radioactive Substances" [In German] , "Strahlentherapie" Volume 99, 290-300 (1956)

*H. Langendorff and A. Katsch "Investigation of Biological Protective Agents. Part Xvi. On the Protective Effects of Cysteamine on Acute Radiation Mortality of Mice" [In German] , "Strahlentherapie" Volume 101, 536-541 (1956)

*H. Langendorff, A. Katsch, and R. Koch "Investigation on a Biological Protective Screen. XVII. The Effect on Radiation Protection of Cysteamine Administered after Partial Body Irradiation" [In German] , "Strahlentherapie" Volume 102, 51-57 (1957)

*H. Langendorff, A. Katsch, and R. Koch "Investigation of a Biological Protective Screen. Part XIX. Further Research on Sensitivity to Radiation and Cysteamine Protection of Male Mice after Gonadectomy" [In German] , "Strahlentherapie" Volume 102, 291-297 (1957)

*H. Langendorff, R. Koch, A. Catch, and U. Hagen "The Influence on Survival Rate of X-irradiated Rats and Mice of Liver and Spleen Autolysates, Spleen Homogenates, and Spleen Implantation" [In German] , "Strahlentherapie" Volume 102, 298-304 (1957)

*A Catsch "The Influence of Isotopic and Nonisotopic Carriers on the Behavior of Sr⁹⁰ in the Rat" [In German] , "Experientia" (Switzerland), Volume 13, 312-313 (1957)

*A. Catsch and D. K. Le "Investigation of the Therapeutic Possibilities in Radioactive Contamination. I. the Effect of Chelating Agents on the Behavior of Radiocerium in the Mammal Organism" [In German] , "Strahlentherapie" Volume 104, 494-506 (1957). Institutional affiliation: "Heiligenberg-Instituts", Baden, Germany.

*A. Catsch "Maximum Permissible Concentration of Radioisotopes" [In German] , "Atomkern Energie" Volume 2, 181-186 (1957)

*A. Catsch and D. K. Le "Removal of Internally Deposited Radiocerium by the Use of Chelating Agents", "Nature" Volume 180, 609 (1957). Institutional affiliation: "Biophysikalische Abteilung des Heiligenberg-Instituts", Baden, Germany.

*A. Catsch "A Simple Analytical Method for the Determination of the Ratio of the Mother and Daughter Substances in Radioactive Preparations" [In German] , "Experientia" (Switzerland) Volume 14, 345-346 (1958). Institutional affiliation: "Institut für Strahlenbiologie an der Reaktor-Station", Karlsruhe, Germany.

*A. Catsch and H. Melchinger "Investigations on the Therapeutic Possibilities in Poisoning with Radioactive Fission Products. 2. The Effect of Diamindodiethylether Tetraacetic Acid and Diethylenetriamine Pentaacetic Acid on the Distribution of Radiocerium", "Strahlentherapie" Volume 106, 606-626 (1958). Institutional affiliation: "Heiligenberg-Instituts", Germany.

*A. Catsch and D. K. Le "Investigations on the Therapeutic Possibilities in Poisoning with Radioactive Fission Products. III. The Effect on the Excretion of Radiocerium of Delayed Single Injections of Diethylenetriamine Pentaacetic Acid" [In German] , "Strahlentherapie" Volume 107, 298-308 (1958). Institutional affiliation: "Heiligenberg-Instituts", Heiligenberg, Germany.

*A. Catsch and H. Melchinger "Investigation on the Therapeutic Possibilities in Poisoning with Radioactive Fission Products. IV. The Effect of Chelates on the Biological Distribution of Radioyttrium", "Strahlentherapie" Volume 107, 437-443 (1958). Institutional affiliation: Heiligenberg-Instituts", Heiligenberg, Germany.

*A. Catsch and H. Melchinger " Investigations on the Therapeutic Possibilities in Poisoning with Radioactive Fission Products. 5. The Effect of Chelate Formation on the Biological Behavior of Radiostrontium" [In German] , "Strahlentherapie" Volume 108, 63-72 (1959). Institutional affiliation: "Heiligenberg-Instituts", Heiligenberg/Baden, Germany.

*H. J. Heller and A. Catsch "Some Physical Chemical Considerations on the Elimination of Radioactive metals by Chelating Agents" [In German] , "Strahlentherapie" Volume 109, 464-482 (1959). Institutional affiliation: "Reaktorstation, Karlsruhe", Germany.

*A Catsch and H. Melchinger "Investigations on therapeutic Possibilities in Poisoning with Radioactive Fission Products. VI. Affecting of the Behavior of Radiostrontium by Earth Alkaline Salts", [In German] "Strahlentherapie" Volume 109, 561-572 (1959). Institutional affiliation: "Heiligenberg-Instituts", Heiligenberg/Baden, Germany.

*A. Catsch, H. Immel-Teller, and D. Schindewolf-Jordan "Die Verteilung von Radiocer in den Leberzellen und ihre Beeinflussung durch die Diäthylentriaminpentaessigsäure" ["The Distribution of Radiocerium in Liver Cells and its Modification by Diethylene (Traiamine)-Pentaacetic Acid"] , "Zeitschrift für Naturforschung, B: Anorg. Chem., Org. Chem., Biochem., Biophys." Volumer 16 b, Number 3, 181-185 (1961). The authors were identified as being at the "Institut für Strahlenbiologie am Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe". The article was received on 17 November 1960.

*A. Catsch and H. Kiefer "Modification of the Resorption of Radiocerium from an Intramuscular Injection by Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic Acid" [In German] "Experienta" Volume 17, 22-23 (1961). Institutional affiliation: "Kernforschungszentrum", Karlsruhe, Germany.

* A. Catsch "The Decorporation of Radionuclides" [In German] , "Kerntechnik" Volume 3, 97-102 (1961). Institutional affiliation: "Institut für Strahlenbiologie am Kernforschungszentrum, Karlsruhe", Germany.

*A. Catsch "Retention in the Skeleton of Radiostrontium as influenced by Tetracycline", "Nature" Volume 197, 302 (1963) Institutional affiliation: "Institut für Strahlenbiologie, Kernforschungszentrum, Karlsruhe".

*D. Seidel, A. Catsch, and K. Schweer "Decorporation of Radionuclides (Investigation of Radioruthenium)" [In German] "Strahlentherapie" Volume 122, 595-610 (1963). Institutional affiliation: "Kernforschungszentrum", Karlsruhe, Germany.

*A Catsch "Toxicology: Radioactive Metals", "Ann. Rev. Pharmacol." Volume 3, 243-266 (1963). Institutional affiliation: "Kernforschungszentrum", Karlsruhe, Germany.

*Alexander Catsch, Du Khuong Lê, Danielle Chambault "Evaluation of the Efficacy of Different Metal Chelates of DTPA in Removing Internally-deposited Radionuclides", "International Journal of Radiation Biology" Volume 8, Issue 1, 35-43 (1964). All of the authors were identified as being at the "Institut für Strahlenbiologie, Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe", Germany.

*Alexander Catsch "Zur Toxikologie der Diäthylentriaminpentaessigsäure", "Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology" Volume 246, Number 4, 316-329 (1964). The author was identified as being at the "Institut für Strahlenbiologie, Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe", Germany. The article was received on 20 July 1963.

* Anna-Elisabeth Harmuth-Hoene; Alexander Catsch; Vladimir Nigrovi; Felicitas Bohne "Excretion of ⁶⁵Zn-DTPA in the Rat", "International Journal of Radiation Biology", Volume 10, Issue 5, 479-483 (1966)

*A. Catsch "Removal of Radiostrontium from the Mammalian Body" in J. M. A. Lenihan, J. F. Loutit, and J. H. Martin (editors) "Strontium Metabolism" 265-281 (Academic Press, 1967). From the "International Symposium on Some Aspects of Strontium Metabolism", Chapelcross, Scotland, May 5-7, 1966. Institutional affiliations: Technische Hochschule, Karlsruhe, Germany; Institut für Strahlenbiologie, Karlsruhe, Germany.

*A. Seidel, V. Volf, A. Catsch "Effectiveness of Zn-DTPA in Removal of Plutonium from Rats", "Int. J. Radiation Biol." Volume 19, Number 4, 399-400 (1971). Institutional affiliation: "Institut für Strahlenbiologie", Karlsruhe, Germany.

*A. Catsch "60th anniversary of K.G. Zimmer" [In German] , "Strahlentherapie" Volume 142, Number 1, 124-5 (1971)

*A. Catsch "Treatment of radiation damage" [In German] , "Z. Versicherungswiss." Number 1, 125-131 (1975). Annual meeting of the "Deutscher Verein für Versicherungswissenschaft e.V." 5 March 1975, Karlsruhe, Germany . Institutional affiliation: "Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institut für Strahlenbiologie".

*A. Catsch, A., and A. E. Harmuth-Hoene "New Developments in Metal Antidotal Properties of Chelating Agents", "Biochemical Pharmacology" Volume 24, 1557-1562 (1975)

*A. Catsch "Removal of Transuranic Elements by Chelating Agents," in "Diagnosis and Treatment of Incorporated Radionuclides: Proceedings of an International Seminar", Vienna, December 8 through 12, 1975, (Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency, 1976), IAEI-SR-6/103, 295-305, 1976.

Bibliography

*Albrecht, Ulrich, Andreas Heinemann-Grüder, and Arend Wellmann "Die Spezialisten: Deutsche Naturwissenschaftler und Techniker in der Sowjetunion nach 1945" (Dietz, 1992, 2001) ISBN 3320017888

*Herrlich, Peter "Karl Gunther Zimmer (1911-1988)", "Radiation Research", Volume 116, Number 1, 178-180 (Oct., 1988)

*Maddrell, Paul "Spying on Science: Western Intelligence in Divided Germany 1945–1961" (Oxford, 2006) ISBN 0-19-926750-2

*Naimark, Norman M. "The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945-1949" (Belknap, 1995)

*Oleynikov, Pavel V. "German Scientists in the Soviet Atomic Project", "The Nonproliferation Review" Volume 7, Number 2, 1 – 30 [http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/npr/vol07/72/72pavel.pdf (2000)] . The author has been a group leader at the Institute of Technical Physics of the Russian Federal Nuclear Center in Snezhinsk (Chelyabinsk-70).

*Riehl, Nikolaus and Frederick Seitz "Stalin’s Captive: Nikolaus Riehl and the Soviet Race for the Bomb" (American Chemical Society and the Chemical Heritage Foundations, 1996) ISBN 0-8412-3310-1.

*Walker, Mark "German National Socialism and the Quest for Nuclear Power 1939–1949" (Cambridge, 1993) ISBN 0-521-43804-7

*Zimmer, K. G. "Alexander Catsch's 60th anniversary" [In German] , "Strahlentherapie" Volume 145, Number 2, 238-239 (1973)

External links

* [http://www.chem-bio.uni-karlsruhe.de/19.php Catsch] - History of Biology, "Fakultät für Chemie und Biowissenschaften", " Universität Karlsruhe (TH)"
* [http://dlc.lib.utk.edu/f/fa/fulltext/0839.html Karl G. Zimmer Papers] – University of Tennessee

*" [http://www.fzk.de/fzk/idcplg?IdcService=FZK&node=Home&lang=en Kernforschungszentrum, Karlsruhe] "

Notes