Second Fleet (Australia)

The Second Fleet frequently is regarded as being the group of four ships which arrived together at Sydney Cove in Port Jackson, New South Wales in late June 1790. These ships were the convict ships "Surprize", "Neptune", and "Scarborough", and the storeship "Justinian". A more recent view is to consider all the ships which were intended to sail to Australia together in 1789 as constituting the Second Fleet. According to this viewpoint, it should also include the "HMS Guardian" and "Lady Juliana" or "Lady Julian".

Fleet summary

Origins and history

The "Surprize", "Neptune" and "Scarborough" were contracted from the firm "Camden, Calvert & King" who undertook to transport, clothe and feed the convicts for a flat fee of £17 7s. 6d per head, whether they landed alive or not. This firm had previously been involved in transporting slaves to North America. The only agents of the Crown in the crew were the naval agent, Lieutenant John Shapcote, and the Captain of the Guard, all other crew were supplied by the firm.

They left England on 19 January 1790, with 1,006 convicts (928 male and 78 female) on board. The "Guardian" struck ice early in the voyage, and did not complete the journey, limping only as far as Africa. They made only one stop on the way, at the Cape of Good Hope, in southern Africa before being wrecked. Here 20 male convicts, survivors from "Guardian", were taken on board. The three vessels made a faster trip than the First Fleet, arriving at Port Jackson in the last week of June 1790, three weeks after Lady Juliana, and one week after the storeship "Justinian".

The passage was relatively fast, but the mortality rate was the highest in the history of transportation to Australia. Of the 1,026 convicts embarked, 267 (256 men and 11 women) died during the voyage (26%). On "Neptune" they were deliberately starved, kept heavily ironed, and frequently refused access to the deck. Scurvy could not be checked. On "Scarborough", rations were not deliberately withheld, but a reported mutiny attempt led to the convicts being closely confined below decks.

Captain William Hill, commander of the guard, afterwards wrote a strong criticism of the ships' masters stating that “the more they can withhold from the unhappy wretches the more provisions they have to dispose of at a foreign market, and the earlier in the voyage they die, the longer they can draw the deceased's allowance to themselves”.

Arrival at Port Jackson

On arrival at Port Jackson, half naked convicts were lying without bedding, too ill to move. Those unable to walk were slung over the side. All were covered with lice. At least 486 sick were landed (47% of those embarked). The remainder were described as “lean and emaciated” and exhibiting “more horrid spectacles than had ever been witnessed in this country”.

Among the arrivals on the Second Fleet were D'Arcy Wentworth and his convict mistress Catherine Crowley, on "Neptune", and John Macarthur, then a young lieutenant in the New South Wales Corps, and his wife Elizabeth, on "Scarborough". Macarthur's eldest son, Edward Macarthur, who accompanied his parents on the Neptune and Scarborough, is believed to be the only person who sailed in the Second Fleet of whom we have a photograph as well as being the last survivor of the voyage (see reference below).

When news of the horrors of the Second Fleet reached England, both public and official opinion was shocked. An enquiry was held but no attempt was made to arrest Donald Traill, master of "Neptune" and described as a demented sadist, or bring a public prosecution against him, the other masters, or the firm of contractors. They had already been contracted by the government to prepare the Third Fleet for sailing to Port Jackson in 1791.

ee also

*First Fleet
*Third Fleet (Australia)
*History of Australia

External sources

* Bateson, Charles, "The Convict Ships, 1787-1868", Sydney, 1974. ISBN 0-85174-195-9
* French, Jenny, " [http://www.historyaustralia.org.au/ifhaa/ships/2ndfleet.htm Australia's Second Fleet - 1790] ", IFHAA, 2007
* Hughes, Robert, "The Fatal Shore, London", Pan, 1988 ISBN 0-394-75366-6
* Rees, Siân, "The Floating Brothel", Hodder, Sydney, 2001. ISBN 0-7868-8674-9
* Sir Edward Macarthur, Australian Dictionary of Biography," [http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A050143b.htm] "