John Ralfs

Infobox Scientist
name = John Ralfs
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birth_date = birth date|1807|9|13
birth_place = Millbrook, Hampshire, United Kingdom
death_date = dda|1890|7|14|1807|9|13
death_place = Penzance
residence = Penzance, Cornwall, UK
citizenship = British
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ethnicity =
field = Botany
work_institutions =
alma_mater = Winchester Hospital
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known_for = Desmids
author_abbrev_bot = Ralfs
author_abbrev_zoo =
influences =
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John Ralfs (13 September 1807 – 14 July 1890) was an English botanist. Born at Millbrook, near Southampton, he was the second son of Samuel Ralfs, a yeoman of an old family in Hampshire.cite web | last = Courtney | first = W. P. | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Ralfs, John (1807–1890), botanist, by W. P. Courtney Published 1896 | work = Dictionary of National Biography Vol. XXXXVII | publisher =Smith, Elder & Co. | date = 1896 | url = http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/olddnb/23044 | format = HTML | doi = | accessdate = 2007-12-20] He has been commemorated in the names of many plant groups and taxa at many levels.

Early life and education

Ralf's father died at Muddiford in Hampshire before John was a year old, and the children (two sons and two daughters) were brought up at Southampton by their mother. After being educated privately he was articled to his uncle, a surgeon of Brentford, with whom he lived for two years and a half. For two years he was a pupil at Winchester Hospital, and in 1832 he passed his final examination, being specially recommended by the examiners for his knowledge of botany. For some time he practised in partnership with another surgeon at Shoreditch, and he is also said to have practised at Towcester. At Torquay, where he moved on account of lung disease (probably tubercular in origin), he married, in 1835, Laura Cecilia, daughter of Henry Newman. In November 1837, for the sake of the mild climate, he settled at Penzance, and, having abandoned his profession, dwelt there for the rest of his life.

Financial troubles

Through the misconduct of a near relative, who betrayed his trust, Ralfs lost most of his fortune; but under the will of his friend, the Rev. Henry Penneck, who died in 1862, he enjoyed a small annuity. J. D. Hooker and T. H. Huxley, with the Philosophical Club of the Royal Society, set up a charitable collection to provide Ralfs with an annuity - the appeal was so successful that in addition to providing Ralfs with an income, a fund for the "relief of necessitassic Scientific Men" was also established.James H. Price, ‘Ralfs, John (1807–1890)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/23044 accessed 20 Dec 2007] ] Charles Darwin was one of the notable scientists who subscribed. [ [http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-2351.html Darwin Correspondence Project - Letter 2351 — Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., 2 Nov [1858 ] ]

Research

In spite of ill-health and failing eyesight, he actively pursued botanical researches until he was seventy-five years old. He was long a member of the committee of the Penzance library, catalogued its books and prepared its printed catalogue, [Suppl. Cat. Penzance Libr. 1893, p. 6] as well as being responsible for the purchase of much of its natural history stock. He died at 15 St. Clare Street, Penzance, on 14 July 1890, and was buried in the cemetery, where a monument was erected to his memory by the members of the Penzance Natural History and Antiquarian Society, of which body he was a vice-president after its resuscitation in 1880, and president for 1883–4.

Family life

Ralfs' marriage proved unhappy. Within two years from their union his wife joined her parents in France. She died in 1848, at the chateau of the Count and Countess of Morambert in the Dordogne. Ralfs visited the chateau in 1850, and took the opportunity of seeing the chief botanists in Paris. He left his collections of microscopic slides, 3,137 in all, to the botanical department of the British Museum, but as the will had not been witnessed, it did not take legal effect. The botanist's only son, however, Mr. John Henry Ralfs, carried out his father's intentions.

Works

The works of Ralfs were: "British Phænogamous Plants and Ferns", 1839, and " [http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/ralfs/title.htm The British Desmidieæ] ", 1848. This volume is ‘unsurpassed for the beauty and accuracy of its coloured plates,’ and is very rare and costly. His first paper, on "Desmids and Diatoms", was contributed, at the suggestion of the Rev. Miles Joseph Berkeley, to the Edinburgh Botanical Society, and for many years his articles appeared in its "Transactions" and in the "Annals of Natural History". Hundreds of his letters are among Berkeley's correspondence in the botanical department of the British Museum. In the Penzance library are deposited his manuscript collections, viz., "Flora of West Cornwall", 1878–86, 8 vols.; "Flora of the Scilly Isles", 1876, 1 vol., and "Fungi of West Cornwall", 1880–6, 2 vols.

Ralfs was elected an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Microscopical Society in 1889, and was offered, but declined, associateship of the Linnaean Society.

Correspondence & collaboration with other scientists

Arthur Hill Hassall long corresponded with Ralfs, who suggested that they should render each other assistance in their inquiries. But when Hassall's "British Freshwater Algæ, including Descriptions of the Desmideæ and Diatomaceæ", which, in Ralfs's opinion, ought to have been published jointly, appeared in 1845, no mention was made of Ralfs. The "History of Infusoria", by Andrew Pritchard, was enlarged and revised by Ralfs and other botanists. His contribution on the diatomaceæ was condensed by Pritchard (pp. 756–940).

Ralfs aided in the botanical portions of the "Guide to Ilfracombe", 1838; the "Guide to Penzance", by J. S. Courtney, 1845; the "Week at the Land's End", by John Thomas Blight, 1861; the "Official Guide to Penzance", 1876, and he supplied the list of desmids to Jenner's "Flora of Tunbridge Wells". He sent many plants for description in the second edition of "English Botany" by Sir James Edward Smith. Berkeley gave the name of Ralfsia to a genus of seaweeds, and Wilson named a Jungermannia in his honour. Charles Darwin in his "Insectivorous Plants" gracefully referred to those supplied to him by Ralfs from the neighbourhood of Penzance.

Notes

References

*
* Journal of Botany (with portrait) by H. and J. Groves, October 1890, pp. 289–93, and December 1891, p. 371; Hardwicke's Science Gossip, by William Roberts, June 1889, pp. 126–8, September, pp. 177–9; Lancet, 19 July 1890, p. 155; Nature, 24 July, p. 300; Cornishman 17 and 24 July 1890; Cornish Telegraph, 17 July. Particulars of his scientific papers are given in the Bibliotheca Cornubiensis of Boase and Courtney, and the Collectanea Cornubiensia of G. C. Boase.

External links

* [http://morrabli.vingoe.name/ralfs.htm Morrab Library brief biography of Ralfs]
* [http://west-penwith.org.uk/ralfs.htm Obituary from the "Report and Transactions of the Penzance Natural History & Antiquarian Society. 1890–91"]
* [http://herbariaunited.org/specimensearch/?taxon=&collector=Mr+John+Ralfs&from=&to=&search=search&Country=all&VC=all&place=&Inst=all&search=search#searchlist Location of specimens collected by John Ralphs]
* [http://www.scienceandsociety.co.uk/results.asp?x9=RALFS,+JOHN%22 Pictures of John Ralphs]