Amarna Princess

The "Amarna Princess", sometimes referred to as the "Bolton Amarna Princess", is a statue forged by British art forger Shaun Greenhalgh and sold by his father to Bolton Museum for £440,000 in 2003. Based on the Amarna art-style of ancient Egypt, the purchase of the "Amarna Princess" was feted as a "coup" by the museum and it remained on display for three years. [Linton, Deborah. [http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/s/1024784_family_con_that_fooled_the_art_world "Family con that fooled the art world"] , "Manchester Evening News", November 16, 2007. Accessed November 18, 2007.] However, in November 2005, Greenhalgh was brought under suspicion by Scotland Yard's Arts and Antiquities Unit, and the statue was impounded for further examination in March 2006. [Malvern, Jack. [http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/article696982.ece "The ancient Egypt statue from Bolton (circa 2003)"] , "Times Online", March 27, 2006. Accessed December 4, 2007.] Now that the Greenhalghs have been convicted, the museum hopes to recover the "Amarna Princess" and plans then to redisplay it for a public viewing. [Bolton Museum, (no byline). [http://www.boltonmuseums.org.uk/news/amarna-princess-statement "Amarna Princess statement"] , "Bolton Museum", November 29, 2007. Accessed December 15, 2007.]

Background and preparation

In 1999, following some early successes, the Greenhalghs began their most ambitious forgery project yet. They bought the 1892 sale catalogue of the contents of Silverton Park, Devon, the home of the 4th Earl of Egremont, George Wyndham. ["This Is London", (no byline). [http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23421598-details/The%20artful%20codgers:%20Pensioners%20who%20conned%20British%20museums%20with%20%C3%82%C2%A310m%20forgeries/article.do "The artful codgers: pensioners who conned British museums with £10m forgeries"] , "This Is London", November 16, 2007. Accessed November 18, 2007.] While the fourth Earl was not known as a collector, previous earls had been: the Praxitelean "Leconfield Head", stands out even among the Greek antiquities at Petworth. One of the Wyndhams who acquired ancient sculptures from Rome might just have obtained, along with other pieces, the "Amarna Princess." It was quite plausible then that George Wyndham had amassed a distinguished collection in his own new-built mansion at Silverton. [Thomas, Angela. [http://www.nemes.co.uk/briefnotes6.htm "The Amarna Princess"] , "Nemes the Egyptology Society", Mar 2004. Accessed December 15, 2006.] Certainly the auction catalogue notes extended to pages. [Kelly, James. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7091435.stm "Fraudsters who resented the art market"] , "BBC News", November 16, 2007. Accessed November 17, 2007.]

Among the lots in the sale were a group lot comprising "a draped figure of a female, five marble statuettes and eight Egyptian figures." [Malvern, Jack. [http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/article696982.ece "The ancient Egypt statue from Bolton (circa 2003)"] , "Times Online", Mar 27, 2006.] The vagueness of the catalogue description was not too surprising for the time, and if any such actual Amarna art had been there, it may well have remained unrecognised. [Thomas, Angela. [http://www.nemes.co.uk/briefnotes6.htm "The Amarna Princess"] , "Nemes the Egyptology Society", Mar 2004. Accessed December 15, 2006.] Shaun Greenhalgh was a professional antique dealer and meticulous researcher, and must have been well aware of this. While he did not appear to have had access to the internet [Kelly, James. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7091435.stm"Fraudsters who resented the art market"] , "BBC News", November 16, 2007. Accessed November 17, 2007.] he was well used to the trade catalogues and art books, and is known to have worked from photographs. Further to the item's natural obscurity, there are only two other similar statuettes existing in the world. ["This Is London", (no byline). [http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23421598-details/The%20artful%20codgers:%20Pensioners%20who%20conned%20British%20museums%20with%20%C3%82%C2%A310m%20forgeries/article.do "The artful codgers: pensioners who conned British museums with £10m forgeries"] , "This Is London", November 16, 2007. Accessed November 18, 2007. And see Ward, David. [http://arts.guardian.co.uk/art/news/story/0,,2212590,00.html "How garden shed fakers fooled the art world"] . "The Guardian", Nov, 17 (updated 24), 2007.] These are held in the Louvre [ [http://www.louvre.fr/llv/oeuvres/detail_notice.jsp?CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673225536&CURRENT_LLV_NOTICE%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198673225536&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=9852723696500807&bmLocale=en "Body of a Woman, probably Nefititi"(image)] , in the Louvre, Accessed December 15, 2007.] and the Penn Museum. [ [http://arthistory.about.com/od/specex_by_date/ig/fall06_specexgal/fall06specex_06.htm "Statue of an Amarna princess"(image)] , in the Penn Museum, Accessed December 15, 2007.]

In the event, taking full advantage of the vagueness of the auction notes Greenhalgh manufactured what became the "Amarna Princess", a 52 cm statue, apparently made of a "stunning translucent alabaster." [Kelly, James. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7091435.stm "Fraudsters who resented the art market"] , "BBC News", Nov 17, 2007.] Done in the Egyptian Amarna style of 1350 BC, the statue represents one of the daughters of the Pharaoh Akhenaten and Queen Nefertiti, probable father and stepmother of Tutankhamun. Greenhalgh reputedly "knocked up" his copy in his shed in three weeks out of calcite, "using basic DIY tools and making it look old by coating it in a mixture of tea and clay". [Re-using catalogue details: see Chadwick, Edward. [http://www.theboltonnews.co.uk/display.var.1840810.0.antiques_rogues_show_update.php "Antiques rogues show update"] , "The Bolton News", Nov 17, 2007; re "calcite" see Kelly, James. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7091435.stm "Fraudsters who resented the art market"] , "BBC News", Nov 17, 2007;re DIY, etc see "This Is London", (no byline). [http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23421598-details/The%20artful%20codgers:%20Pensioners%20who%20conned%20British%20museums%20with%20%C3%82%C2%A310m%20forgeries/article.do "The artful codgers: pensioners who conned British museums with £10m forgeries"] , "This Is London", November 16, 2007. Accessed November 18, 2007.] A copyist by inclination, his piece was most likely based directly on the known princesses, especially the one in the Louvre. A diagrammatic comparison shows just how close the similarities are, down to the missing limbs. [Pearman, Anna. [http://www.egyptologyforum.org/bbs/Boltonprincess.html "The Bolton Amarna Princess"] , "Egyptology Forum", Apr 13, 2006. Accessed December 2, 2007.] The "Amarna Princess" being only somewhat taller, by convert|21|cm|abbr=on. ["This is Lancashire, (no byline). [http://archive.thisislancashire.co.uk/2004/1/30/509573.html "Statuette to be star of show in town's museum"] , "This is Lancashire", Jan 30, 2004. Accessed December 2, 2007.]

elling the statue

George Greenhalgh Snr, the forger's father, then approached the Bolton Museum in 2002, [Chadwick, Edward. [http://www.theboltonnews.co.uk/display.var.1840810.0.antiques_rogues_show_update.php "Antiques rogues show update"] , "The Bolton News", Nov 17, 2007.] claiming the Amarna was from his great-grandfather’s "forgotten collection," bought at the Silverton Park auction. ["Times Online", (no byline). [http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/visual_arts/article2886205.ece "The £10m art collection that was forged by a family in their garden shed in Bolton"] , Nov 17, 2007.] His great-grandfather had purportedly bought "one of two" Egyptian statues available. [Kelly, James. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7091435.stm "Fraudsters who resented the art market"] , "BBC News", Nov 17, 2007.]

George pretended to be ignorant about its true worth or value, but was careful to provide the letters Shaun had also faked, showing how the artifact had been in the family for "a hundred years". [Kelly, James. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7091435.stm "Fraudsters who resented the art market"] , "BBC News", Nov 17, 2007] He told them he was "thinking about using it as a garden ornament". ["This Is London", (no byline). [http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23421598-details/The%20artful%20codgers:%20Pensioners%20who%20conned%20British%20museums%20with%20%C3%82%C2%A310m%20forgeries/article.do "The artful codgers: pensioners who conned British museums with £10m forgeries"] , "This Is London", November 16, 2007. Accessed November 18, 2007.] And further, he claimed it had been valued at a mere £500. [Chadwick, Edward. [http://www.theboltonnews.co.uk/display.var.1840810.0.antiques_rogues_show_update.php "Antiques rogues show update"] , "The Bolton News", Nov 17, 2007]

The authentication

After their own examination of the "Amarna Princess" Bolton Museum passed it on to others to evaluate, in accordance with their stated best practices. In the first instance this role fell to Christies, who valued the statue at £500,000. The British Museum also agreed that it was a genuine piece. It has not been revealed exactly what tests were taken or what criteria used to assess the authenticity of the "Amarna Princess", beyond the declaration that provenance played "a vital part in the authentication because there was nothing to compare it with," apart from the Louvre Princess. [Bolton Museum, (no byline). [http://www.boltonmuseums.org.uk/news/amarna-princess-statement "Amarna Princess statement"] , "Bolton Museum", November 29, 2007. Accessed December 15, 2007.] Though in her analysis Angela Thomas, the Egyptology curator of the Bolton Museum, mentioned various other statues from the era as well, most notably the Penn Museum princess. [Thomas, Angela. [http://www.nemes.co.uk/briefnotes6.htm "The Amarna Princess"] , "Nemes the Egyptology Society", Mar 2004. Accessed December 15, 2006.] Assessment was also hampered because of the difficulty of testing stone. [Flynn, Tom. [http://www.tomflynn.co.uk/FakingIt.html "Faking It"] , "Art Quarterly", Summer 2007. Accessed December 13, 2007.]

More than just impressed by the provenance [Malvern, Jack. [http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/article696982.ece "The ancient Egypt statue from Bolton (circa 2003)"] , "Times Online", March 27, 2006. Accessed December 4, 2007.] experts also concluded that "although its head, arms and lower legs have not survived.. the statuette is the most impressive example of its kind in the world." ["This is Lancashire", (no byline). [http://archive.thisislancashire.co.uk/2004/1/30/509573.html "Statuette to be star of show in town's museum"] , "This is Lancashire", Jan 30, 2004. Accessed December 2, 2007.] Angela Thomas provided an analysis that suggested a close examination of the item itself. She noted the back pillar which showed that it was "once part of a double statue." Elements of its "extreme style" suggested it was an early era piece, which was enough for her to speculate on which of the six daughters the statue might represent, Meritaten – despite the absence of an inscription, or a head. She concluded the "Amarna Princess" was of "great significance." [Thomas, Angela. [http://www.nemes.co.uk/briefnotes6.htm "The Amarna Princess"] , "Nemes the Egyptology Society", Mar 2004. Accessed December 15, 2006.]

Funding and purchase

The purchase of the "Amarna Princess" for £439,767 [Chadwick, Edward. [http://www.theboltonnews.co.uk/display.var.1840810.0.antiques_rogues_show_update.php "Antiques rogues show update"] , "The Bolton News", Nov 17, 2007.] in 2003 made "headlines around the world." ["This is Lancashire", (no byline). [http://www.thisislancashire.co.uk/search/display.var.709804.0.museums_fake_1m_egyptian_statue_probe.php "Museum's fake £1m Egyptian statue probe"] , "This is Lancashire", Mar 18, 2006. Accessed December 15, 2007.] The Bolton Museum considered its purchase a "coup," since the statue was purported to be worth closer to a £1 million. [Linton, Deborah. [http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/s/1024784_family_con_that_fooled_the_art_world "Family con that fooled the art world"] , "Manchester Evening News", Nov 16, 2007.] The explanation of its apparent cheapness was that the vendor wanted it to stay in Bolton. [McFall, Luice. [http://www.thisislancashire.co.uk/search/display.var.731813.0.we_want_our_statue_cash_back.php%20%5D "‘We want our statue cash back’"] , "This is Lancashire", Apr 13, 2006. Accessed December 15, 2007.] [Thomas, Angela. [http://www.nemes.co.uk/briefnotes6.htm "The Amarna Princess"] , "Nemes the Egyptology Society", Mar 2004. Accessed December 15, 2006.]

After the forgery was exposed there was great interest in the exact source of the funding. It was composed of "£360,000 from the National Heritage Museum and Art Gallery, a further £75,000 from the National Art Collections Fund and £2,500 from the Friends of Bolton Museum and Art Gallery," ["This is Lancashire", (no byline). [http://www.thisislancashire.co.uk/search/display.var.709804.0.museums_fake_1m_egyptian_statue_probe.php "Museum's fake £1m Egyptian statue probe"] , "This is Lancashire", Mar 18, 2006. Accessed December 15, 2007.] plus a further £1,500 from the J. B. Gass Trust. Bolton Museum detailed the financing on their website, and gave reassurances that no council money was involved. [Bolton Museum, (no byline). [http://www.boltonmuseums.org.uk/news/amarna-princess-statement "Amarna Princess statement"] , "Bolton Museum", November 29, 2007. Accessed December 15, 2007.] [Chadwick, Edward. [http://www.theboltonnews.co.uk/display.var.1840810.0.antiques_rogues_show_update.php "Antiques rogues show update"] , "The Bolton News", Nov 17, 2007.]

On display

The "Amarna Princess" first went on public display in the Hayward Gallery as part of the prestigious "Saved!" exhibition of 2003. Opened by the Queen [Stokes, Paul. [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/08/01/nstatue101.xml "Family sells fake Egyptian statue for £400,000"] , "Telegraph", August 1, 2007. Accessed November 30, 2007. ] the exhibition was meant as a "celebration of 100 years of saving art for the [British] nation." [Malvern, Jack. [http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/article696982.ece "The ancient Egypt statue from Bolton (circa 2003)"] , "Times Online", March 27, 2006. Accessed December 4, 2007.] Billed as "spectacular" it spanned "4,000 years of art history" ["Southbank Centre",(no byline). [http://www.southbankcentre.co.uk/visual-arts/hayward-exhibitions/past/saved "Saved! 100 years of the National Art Collection Fund"] , "Southbank Centre", Oct 23, 2003 - 18 Jan, 2004. Accessed December 15, 2007.] which would have made the "Amarna Princess" one of the oldest items there, had it been genuine.

On January 31 2004 the "Amarna Princess" returned to "pride of place" at Bolton Museum, where it was expected to be a huge drawcard as the "jewel in the crown" of the Museum's highly regarded Egyptian collection. ["This is Lancashire", (no byline). [http://www.thisislancashire.co.uk/search/display.var.709804.0.museums_fake_1m_egyptian_statue_probe.php "Museum's fake £1m Egyptian statue probe"] , "This is Lancashire", Mar 18, 2006. Accessed December 15, 2007.] It was set among other items of the same era, including sculptures. The museum's Egyptian curator, Angela Thomas, speculated "It may even be the case that this will lead on to us getting further funds to do more." As a final ironic note, extra security was installed due to a theft in the museum the week before. ["This is Lancashire", (no byline). [http://archive.thisislancashire.co.uk/2004/1/30/509573.html "Statuette to be star of show in town's museum"] , "This is Lancashire", Jan 30, 2004. Accessed December 2, 2007.]

Exposed as forgery

In mid-March 2006 Scotland Yard's Arts and Antiquities Unit impounded the "Amarna Princess" as part of an on-going investigation of the Greenhalgh family. [McFall, Luice. [http://www.thisislancashire.co.uk/search/display.var.731813.0.we_want_our_statue_cash_back.php%20%5D "‘We want our statue cash back’"] , "This is Lancashire", Apr 13, 2006. Accessed December 15, 2007.] The Greenhalghs had triggered suspicions when they tried to perform a similar scam again, using the same provenance to support their ownership of what was purported to be an Assyrian freize. They were subsequently caught, and both father and sons were charged with laundering the money involved with the "Amarna Princess". ["Telegraph", (no byline). [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/04/27/nfake27.xml "OAP 'sold fake Egyptian statue'"] , "Telegraph", Mar 28, 2007. Accessed December 15, 2007.] Shaun Greenhalgh was later convicted in November 2007. On searching their property police found evidence of tools and material for making sculptures, and two other completed copies of the "Amarna Princess". [Kelly, James. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7091435.stm"Fraudsters who resented the art market"] , "BBC News", Nov 16, 2007.]

Reactions and current status

After the trial, Bolton Museum scrambled to distance itself and described itself as "blameless". [Linton, Deborah. [http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/s/1024784_family_con_that_fooled_the_art_world "Family con that fooled the art world"] , "Manchester Evening News", Nov 16, 2007. But, again, see note above re "coup."] The museum insisted that it had followed established procedure, [Chadwick, Edward. [http://www.theboltonnews.co.uk/display.var.1840810.0.antiques_rogues_show_update.php "Antiques rogues show update"] , "The Bolton News", Nov 17, 2007.] though they called George Greenhalgh "a nice old man who had no idea of the significance of what he owned." [Linton, Deborah. [http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/s/1024784_family_con_that_fooled_the_art_world "Family con that fooled the art world"] , "Manchester Evening News", Nov 16, 2007.] As more than one commentator has noted: "We are never more likely to be vulnerable to a cheat than when we ourselves are trying to diddle someone out of a masterpiece." [Fenton, James. [http://books.guardian.co.uk/reviews/crime/0,,2216089,00.html "Fakes and counterfeits"] , "The Guardian", Nov 24, 2007. See also, commenter ('emma, bolton') at the end of Chadwick, Edward. [http://www.theboltonnews.co.uk/display.var.1840810.0.antiques_rogues_show_update.php "Antiques rogues show update"] , "The Bolton News", Nov 17, 2007.]

Councillor Barbara Ronson, of Bolton Council, was "shocked" to learn that the statue was a fake, and promised the council would be carrying out its own investigation. "You wonder how something like this could happen with the modern technology available." ["This is Lancashire", (no byline). [http://www.thisislancashire.co.uk/search/display.var.709804.0.museums_fake_1m_egyptian_statue_probe.php "Museum's fake £1m Egyptian statue probe"] , "This is Lancashire", Mar 18, 2006. Accessed December 15, 2007.] Stephen Johnson, National Heritage Memorial Fund Director was "extremely shocked." He said "the National Heritage Memorial Fund has not been in this position before in its 26-year history." [McFall, Luice. [http://www.thisislancashire.co.uk/search/display.var.731813.0.we_want_our_statue_cash_back.php%20%5D "‘We want our statue cash back’"] , "This is Lancashire", Apr 13, 2006. Accessed December 15, 2007.]

Both the National Heritage Memorial Fund and the National Art Collection Fund indicated that they might seek to recover their monies, as it had not been used for the "Approved Purposes;" [McFall, Luice. [http://www.thisislancashire.co.uk/search/display.var.731813.0.we_want_our_statue_cash_back.php%20%5D "‘We want our statue cash back’"] , "This is Lancashire", Apr 13, 2006. Accessed December 15, 2007.] while Bolton Museum said the Council too, expected to receive compensation. [Bolton Museum, (no byline). [http://www.boltonmuseums.org.uk/news/amarna-princess-statement "Amarna Princess statement"] , "Bolton Museum", November 29, 2007. Accessed December 15, 2007.] However, the presiding judge, William Morris, exonerated the institution and any Council staff involved, preferring to focus on what he saw as "misapplied" talent and an "ambitious conspiracy," and emphasised the sophistication of the deception. [Chadwick, Edward. [http://www.theboltonnews.co.uk/display.var.1840810.0.antiques_rogues_show_update.php "Antiques rogues show update"] , "The Bolton News", Nov 17, 2007.] [manchester] One art expert said "the "Amarna Princess" ... is a reminder that the really good fakes in public and private collections haven't been spotted yet." [Flynn, Tom. [http://www.tomflynn.co.uk/FakingIt.html "Faking It"] , "Art Quarterly", Summer 2007. Accessed December 13, 2007.]

At the end of its statement, Bolton Museum acknowledged the new status of the statue as a forgery, and announced it had plans to put the "Amarna Princess" on show again, this time as a fake. [Bolton Museum, (no byline). [http://www.boltonmuseums.org.uk/news/amarna-princess-statement "Amarna Princess statement"] , "Bolton Museum", November 29, 2007. Accessed December 15, 2007.]

ee also

* The list of Greenhalgh's known forgeries, including the Risley Park Lanx and the Gauguin Faun.

Footnotes