Étienne Stéphane Tarnier

Étienne Stéphane Tarnier (1828-1897) was a French obstetrician who was a native of Aiserey. He studied and practiced medicine in Paris, and is often considered as doyen of French obstetrics during the second half of the nineteenth century. Some of his better-known assistants were obstetricians Pierre-Constant Budin (1846-1907), Pierre-Victor-Adolphe Auvard (1855-1941) and Adolphe Pinard (1844-1934).

Tarnier is remembered for his work involving the perinatal aspects of obstetrics, and particularly treatment of premature infants. In the 1870s he realized that keeping a constant temperature was not sufficient for a premature infant's survival. He believed that isolation, hygiene, appropriate feeding, and a warm, humid environment were also necessary. Inspired by a device used to incubate poultry, Tarnier introduced prototypes of infant incubators to the Paris Maternité in 1881. These devices were basically wooden boxes with glass lids and compartments that contained hot-water bottles. He called his "baby-warming device" a "couveuse", and through it Tarnier was responsible for a 28 percent decrease in infant mortality over a three-year period at the Paris Maternité.

Tarnier was not the inventor of the infant incubator, but was the first to apply it for regular care of the premature. In 1857 surgeon Jean-Louis-Paul Denucé (1824-1889) provided the first description of an "incubator crib", and in 1864 obstetrician Carl Credé (1819-1892), constructed a double-wall crib that used circulated hot water to heat the walls of the crib. In the 1880s, Dr. Auvard made modifications to Tarnier's conveuse. The "Auvard incubator" was an inexpensive device of simple design that soon became widely popular, and variants of this incubator were still in use into the 20th century.

Among his written works was the 1900 publication "Le Nourrisson", which was later translated into English as the "The Nursling". Also, a type of axis-traction forceps called the "Tarnier forceps" is named after him.

References

* [http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/it/1994/2/1994_2_24.shtml Invention and Technology Magazine; The Coney Island Baby Laboratory]
* [http://64.233.167.104/search?q=cache:R0JtofUE75gJ:people.cornell.edu/pages/ked42/Infant_Sideshow_Paper.pdf+%22%C3%89tienne+St%C3%A9phane+Tarnier%22&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=19&gl=us Transferring the Incubator: Fairs and Freak-Shows as Agents of Change]