- Indigenous intellectual property
Indigenous intellectual property is an umbrella legal term used in national and international forums to identify
indigenous peoples ' special rights to claim (from within their own laws) all that their indigenous groups know now, have known, or will know. [RAINFOREST ABORIGINAL NETWORK (1993) "Julayinbul: Aboriginal Intellectual and Cultural Property Definitions, Ownership and Strategies for Protection." Rainforest Aboriginal Network. Cairns. Page 65] It is a concept that has developed out of a predominantly western legal tradition, and has most recently been promoted by theWorld Intellectual Property Organisation , as part of a more generalUnited Nations push cite web | last = OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS | first = | year = 2007 | url = http://www.ohchr.org/english/issues/indigenous/ | title = Indigenous peoples | format = WEB PAGE | work = | publisher = Office of the United Nations High Commissioner of Human Rights. Geneva | accessdate = 2007-11-29] to see the diverse wealth of this world's indigenous, intangible cultural heritage better valued and better protected against probable, ongoing misappropriation and misuse. [DODSON, Page 12.]Declarations regarding Indigenous Intellectual Property
In the lead up to and during the United Nations International Year for the World's Indigenous Peoples (1993) [cite web |author=WATSON, Irene |title=1993: International Year for Indigenous Peoples |publisher=AustLII |date=
1992 |work= Aboriginal Law Bulletin |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AboriginalLB/1992/52.html |accessdate=2007-11-29 ] then during the following United Nations Decade of the World's Indigenous Peoples (1995-2004) a number of conferences of both indigenous and non-indigenous specialists were held in different parts of the world, resulting in a number of declarations and statements identifying, explaining, refining, and defining 'indigenous intellectual property' WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ORGANISATION (2001)] . Declarations and statements from these conferences include:
=Declaration of Belem [cite web |author= |title= Declaration of Belem|publisher= |date=1988 | format = PDF |work= |url=http://ise.arts.ubc.ca/_common/docs/DeclarationofBelem.pdf |accessdate=2007-12-04] =(
Brazil July 1988):The first international congress of the International Society of Ethnobiology involving anthropologists, biologists, chemists, sociologists, and indigenous peoples at Belem identifying themselves collectively as 'ethnobiologists', announced that (amongst other matters) since "Indigenous cultures around the world are being disrupted and destroyed.":
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"Mechanisms [ought to] be established by which indigenous specialists are recognized as proper Authorities and are consulted in all programs affecting them, their resources and their environment"
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"Procedures must be developed to compensate native peoples for the utilization of their knowledge and their biological resources"
[http://www.heidi-barathieu-brun.ch/en/archives/196 Kari-Oca Declaration] and Indigenous Peoples Earth Charter
(
Brazil , May 1992; reaffirmed inIndonesia , June 2002) [http://www.wipo.int/tk/en/folklore/creative_heritage/index.html WIPO Database of Indigenous Intellectual Property Codes, Guidelines, and Practices] Accessed 28 November 2007.] ):This is a declaration and a
charter first agreed in May 1992 by indigenous peoples from the Americas, Asia, Africa, Australia, Europe and the Pacific who, at Kari-Oca Villages, united in one voice to collectively express their serious concern at the way the world was exploiting the natural resources upon which indigenous peoples depend. Specific reference is made within the Indigenous Peoples Earth Charter to perceived abuses of indigenous people's intellectual and cultural properties. [FOURMILE, Henrietta (1996) Making things work: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Involvement in Bioregional Planning. "Approaches to bioregional planning. Part 2. Background Papers to the conference, 30 October - 1 November 1995, Melbourne" Department of the Environment, Sport and Territories. Canberra. Page 235] . Under a heading,"Culture, Science and Intellectual Property", amongst other matters, it is asserted [FOURMILE pages 260-261] ::
"99. The usurping of traditional medicines and knowledge from Indigenous peoples should be considered a crime against peoples .."
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"102. As creators and carriers of civilizations which have given and continue to share knowledge, experience, and values with humanity, we require that our right to intellectual and cultural properties be guaranteed and that mechanisms for each be in favour of our peoples .."
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"104. The protection, norms and mechanism of artistic and artisan creation of our peoples must be established and implemented in order to avoid plunder, plagiarism, undue exposure, and use.."
= [http://www.wipo.int/tk/en/folklore/creative_heritage/indigenous/link0002.html Mataatua Declaration on Cultural and Intellectual Property Rights of Indigenous Peoples] =(
Aotearoa ,New Zealand , June 1993):On 18 June 1993, 150 delegates from fourteen countries, including indigenous representatives from Aiun (
Japan ),Australia ,Cook Islands ,Fiji ,India ,Panama ,Peru ,Philippines ,Surinam ,USA and Aotearoa (New Zealand) meeting at Whakatane (Bay of Plenty region of New Zealand): "affirmed" indigenous peoples' knowledge is of benefit to all humanity; "recognised" indigenous peoples are willing to offer their knowledge to all humanity provided their fundamental rights to define and control this knowledge is protected by the international community; "insisted" the first beneficiaries of indigenous knowledge must be the direct indigenous descendants of such knowledge; "declared" all forms of exploitation of Indigenous knowledge must cease.:Under Section 2 of their declaration they specifically ask State, National and International Agencies to [FOURMILE page 262] :
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"2.1 Recognise that Indigenous peoples are the guardians of their customary knowledge and have the right to protect and control dissemination of that knowledge."'
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"2.2 Recognise that indigenous peoples also have the right to create new knowledge based on cultural tradition"
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"2.3 Accept that the cultural and intellectual property rights of Indigenous peoples are vested with those who created them."
=Julayinbul Statement on Indigenous Intellectual Property Rights [RAINFOREST ABORIGINAL NETWORK Pages 9-13] =(
Australia , November 1993):This declaration arose out of a meeting of indigenous and non-indigenous specialists, who, at Jingarrba, in north-eastern
Australia , agreed indigenous intellectual property rights are best determined from within the customary laws of the indigenous groups' themselves. [FOURMILE page 236] Within the declaration indigenous customary laws are (re)named 'Aboriginal common laws', and it is insisted these laws must be acknowledged and treated as equal to any other systems of law [FOURMILE pages 264] ::
"..Indigenous Peoples and Nations reaffirm their right to define for themselves their own intellectual property, acknowledging ..the uniqueness of their own particular heritage.."
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"..Indigenous Peoples and Nations .. declare that we .. are willing to share [our intellectual property] with all humanity provided that our fundamental rights to define and control this property are recognised by the international community.."
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"Aboriginal intellectual property, within Aboriginal Common Law, is an inherent, inalienable right which cannot be terminated, extinguished, or taken .. Any use of the intellectual property of Aboriginal Nations and Peoples may only be done in accordance with Aboriginal Common Law, and any unauthorised use is strictly prohibited."
=Santa Cruz de la Sierra Statement on Intellectual PropertyFOURMILE 1996: Pages 266-267.] =(
Bolivia , September 1994):A regional meeting was held at
Santa Cruz de la Sierra where indigenous peoples from the south America's concerned about the way internationally prevailing intellectual property systems and regimes appeared to be favouring the appropriation of indigenous peoples' knowledge and resources for commercial purposes, agreed::
"For members of indigenous peoples, knowledge and determination of the use of resources are collective and intergenerational. No .. individuals or communities, nor the Government, can sell or transfer ownership of [cultural] resources which are the property of the people and which each generation has an obligation to safeguard for the next."
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"Work must be conducted on the design of a protection and recognition system which is in accordance with ..our own conception, and mechanisms must be developed .. which will prevent appropriation of our resources and knowledge."
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"There must be appropriate mechanisms for maintaining and ensuring the right of Indigenous peoples to deny indiscriminate access to the [cultural] resources of our communities or peoples and making it possible to contest patents or other exclusive rights to what is essentially Indigenous."
=Tambunan Statement on the Protection and Conservation of Indigenous KnowledgeFOURMILE 1996: Pages 268-269.] =(
Sabah , EastMalaysia . February 1995):Indigenous people of Asia met at
Tambunan , East Malaysia, to assert rights of self-determination, and to express concern about, and fear of, the threat unfamiliar 'western' intellectual property rights systems may pose to them. It was agreed::
"For the Indigenous peoples of Asia, the intellectual property rights system is not only a very new concept but it is also very western........ [W] ith [western style] intellectual property property rights, alien laws will be devised to exploit the Indigenous knowledge and [cultural] resources of the Indigenous peoples."
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"The [western] intellectual property rights system and the (mis)appropriation of Indigenous knowledge without the prior knowledge and consent of Indigenous peoples evoke feelings of anger, or being cheated"
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"Indigenous peoples are not benefiting from the intellectual property rights system. Indigenous knowledge and [cultural] resources are being eroded, exploited and/or appropriated by outsiders in the likes of transnational corporations, institutions, researchers, and scientists who are after profits and benefits gained.."
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"For indigenous peoples, life is a common property which cannot be owned, commercialized, and monopolised...Based on this world view, Indigenous peoples find it difficult to relate [western] intellectual property rights .. to their daily lives.."
=Suva Statement on Indigenous Peoples Knowledge and Intellectual Property RightsFOURMILE 1996: Pages 270-272.] =(
Suva ,Fiji , April 1995)Participants from the independent countries and "nonautonomous colonised territories" of the Pacific region met in Suva to discuss internationally dominant intellectual property rights regimes, and at that meeting they resolved to support the Kari Oca, Mataatua, Julayinbul, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, and Tambunan initiatives(above). In particular participants:
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"Reaffirme [d] that imperialism is perpetuated through [western] intellectual property rights systems.."
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"Decalar [ed] Indigenous peoples are willing to share our knowledge with humanity provided we determine when, where and how it is used: at present the international system does not recognise or respect our past, present and potential contribution.."
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"Seek [s] repatriation of Indigenous peoples [cultural] resources already held in external collections, and seek [s] compensation and royalties from commercial developments resulting from these resources"
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"..encourage [s] .. governments .. to protest against any
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade provisions which facilitate the expropriation of Indigenous peoples' knowledge and resources.. [to instead] incorporate the concerns of Indigenous peoples .. into legislation ..":
" [Seek to] Strengthen the capacities of Indigenous peoples to maintain their oral traditions, and encourage initiatives by Indigenous peoples to record their knowledge .. according to their customary access procedures."
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"Urge universities, churches, government, non-government organizations, and other institutions to reconsider their roles in the expropriation of Indigenous people's knowledge and resources and to assist in their return to their rightful owners."
= [http://www.ipcb.org/resolutions/htmls/kim_dec.html Kimberley Declaration] =(
Kimberley ,South Africa August 2002)Here indigenous people from around the world attending an international indigenous peoples' summit on sustainable development met on Koi-San Territory, where they reaffirmed previous declarations and statements (above), and, amongst other matters, declared:
:
"Our traditional knowledge systems must be respected, promoted and protected; our collective intellectual property rights must be guaranteed and ensured. Our traditional knowledge is not in the public domain; it is collective, cultural and intellectual property protected under our customary law. Unauthorized use and misappropriation of traditional knowledge is theft."
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
At the United Nation's General Assembly's 61st session, on the 13th September 2007, an overwhelming majority of members resolved to adopt the United Nations
Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples [cite web | last = OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS | first = | year = 2007 | url = http://www.ohchr.org/english/issues/indigenous/declaration.htm | title = Declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples | format = WEB PAGE | work = | publisher = Office of the United Nations High Commissioner of Human Rights. Geneva | accessdate = 2007-11-29] .Regarding the intellectual property rights of indigenous peoples, the General Assemblyrecognized "..the urgent need to respect and promote the inherent rights of indigenous peoples which derive from their political, economic and social structures and from their cultures, spiritual traditions, histories and philosophies.." [UNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASSEMBLY Page 2] ; reaffirmed ".. that indigenous peoples possess collective rights which are indispensable for their existence, well-being and integral development as peoples.." [UNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASSEMBLY Page 3] ; and solemnly proclaimed as an agreed standard for member nations around the world:
"Article 11" [UNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASSEMBLY Page 5]
:
"Indigenous peoples have the right to practise and revitalize their cultural traditions and customs. This includes the right to maintain, protect and develop the past, present and future manifestations of their cultures, such as archaeological and historical sites, artefacts, designs, ceremonies, technologies and visual and performing arts and literature."
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"States shall provide redress through effective mechanisms, which may include restitution, developed in conjunction with indigenous peoples, with respect to their cultural, intellectual, religious and spiritual property taken without their free, prior and informed consent or in violation of their laws, traditions and customs."
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