Jonathan Carver

Jonathan Carver (April 131715 – January 311780) was an American explorer and writer. He was born in Weymouth, Massachusetts and then moved with his family to Canterbury, Connecticut. He later married Abigail Robbins and became a shoemaker. And he is to believed to have had seven children.

In 1755 Carver joined the colonial militia at the start of the French and Indian War. During the war he studied surveying and mapping techniques. He was successful in the military and eventually became captain of a Massachusetts regiment in 1761. Two years later he quit the army with a determination to explore the new territories acquired by the British as a result of the war.

Initially Carver was unable to find a sponsor for his proposed explorations but in 1766, Robert Rogers contracted Carver to lead an expedition to find a western water route to the Pacific Ocean, the Northwest Passage. There was a great incentive to discover this route. The king and Parliament had promised a vast prize in gold for any such discovery. The eastern route to the Pacific was around the Cape of Good Hope. That route was both lengthy and contested by competing European powers.

Travels and exploration

Carver left Fort Michilimackinac at present-day Mackinaw City, MI in the spring of 1766. Taking large fur-trading canoes, he traveled the well-utilized trade routes of the French. His route took him along the northern coast of Lake Michigan, cut across to what is now the Door County peninsula in Wisconsin and proceeded along the western edge of the bay until reaching what is now Green Bay, Wisconsin.

There was a small French settlement at the foot of Green Bay (Lake Michigan), as well as a French monastery nearby De Pere, Wisconsin. Carver resupplied here and then continued. He traveled up the Fox River to the Winnebego Indian village at the north end of Lake Winnebago at the site of the present city of Appleton, Wisconsin. Continuing up the Fox River he eventually arrived at the "Grand Portage" a well used portage between the Fox River and the Wisconsin River. This was a major fur trade location because from here (now Portage, Wisconsin) furs could proceed from the Great Lakes to the Wisconsin River, hence to the Mississippi and New Orleans.

Carver crossed to the Wisconsin River and then traveled down the Mississippi emerging at the great trade encampment at Prairie du Chien. Rather than turn south towards New Orleans, his expedition turned north into what is now Minnesota. By the late summer he had reached the Saint Anthony Falls at what is now Minneapolis. He spent some time with the tribe near the falls but turned south, down the Mississippi to find a more suitable place to spend the winter. During this portion of the trip he discovered Carver's Cave. Carver County, MN is named after him. He spent the winter in a tribal village in what is now eastern Iowa. The next spring he encountered James Tute and James Stanley Goddard, who had been sent to accompany Carver on his journey. They continued exploring and mapping up the Mississippi River through what is now Minnesota, and Wisconsin. They then headed for Grand Portage on Lake Superior, hoping that Rogers had sent supplies there for them. However, instead of supplies they found a letter from him chiding them for having spent as much money as they already had and warning them to be more thrifty in the future. Unable to proceed without the badly-needed supplies, they headed back to Fort Michilimackinac, arriving there on August 29 1767.

He found that his sponsor Royal Governor Robert Rogers was under suspicion of plotting treason against England. On December 6 1767, Rogers was arrested, charged with treason, placed in irons and put in solitary confinement. While he spent a miserable winter in an unheated guardhouse, Carver probably spent time preparing his journal of the expedition for publication. In the spring of 1768 the first ship of the season took Carver and Rogers both to Detroit. Carver travelled in the relative comfort of a passenger cabin, while Rogers was forced to sit out the journey seated upon the ballast rocks in the hold of the ship. Rogers was taken to Montreal to be court-martialed, and although he was found not guilty of the charges against him, he was not returned to his position as Royal Governor. Carver submitted a list of expenses to his superiors, but payment was denied on the grounds that Rogers had not had sufficient authority to order such an expedition to take place.

Carver was outraged. He believed that he had been legitimately hired by the Crown to map and explore the newly acquired territory. He believed that he had possibly identified a Northwest Passage. He had spent two years working and now had little to show for it but maps and log books. No one seemed interested. In 1769 Carver left for England to petition the government for his promised payment and for a reward for identifying a potential Northwest Passage.

He left his wife Abigail in the colonies and never saw her again. He spent the remainder of his life petitioning the government for his payments. He did in fact ultimately get two separate grants from the crown, although not the great reward for identifying a Northwest Passage. While working at this lobbying endeavor he wrote his "Travels..." book, and started a second family in London.

The Book

Carver's book was an immediate success when first published in 1778, and a second London edition followed the next year; over thirty editions and versions have been published since in several languages. A very important book in the history of the exploration of the American West as Carver was the first English-speaking explorer to venture west of the upper Mississippi River. He anticipated the idea of a continental divide as he was the first to mention a large mountain range to the west(presumably the Rocky Mountains) that blocks the westward passage and serves as a continental divide. Further, the name 'Oregon' appears in print here for the first time, both in the text, and on one of the maps. Carver penetrated farther into the West than any other English explorer before the Revolution and stimulated curiosity concerning routes to the Pacific, later satisfied by Mackenzie and Lewis and Clark. The book proved and remained immensely popular. The profits did not come soon enough for him, however. He died in poverty on January 31, 1780 in London.

In the 20th century, the reliability of Carver's narrative has been debated by scholars; examination of Carver's manuscript journal establishes that it differs in important respects from the published version. More recent research points to the conclusion that while Carver actually made the tour he describes, he suppressed the fact that he performed it as a hired agent of Major Robert Rogers, rather than on his own responsibility.

Works

* "Travels Through the Interior Parts of North America in the Years 1766, 1767, and 1768", first published in 1778. [http://www.canadiana.org/ECO/PageView/38164/0003?id=de15f7eb6100b9bb]

* "The Journals of Jonathan Carver and Related Documents, 1766-1770". Edited by John Parker. Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1976. This was the original account of Carver's expedition, from which "Travels" was distilled. It seems to be much more reliable than the book that was derived from it.

* "A Treatise on the Culture of the Tobacco plant; with the manner in which it is usually cured adapted to northern climates and designed for the use of the landholders of Great Britain". London, 1779 - "Written during the American War of Independence (1775–1783), or as Carver delicately puts it ‘the present unhappy dissentions,’ when trade was disrupted, this treatise details the methods required to grow tobacco in Britain. Carver argues that two acts of parliament from the reign of Charles II prohibiting the cultivation of tobacco should be repealed. Carver felt that the landowner would profit, revenue could be restored to the treasury by means of a duty on the plants, and smokers would be more than satisfied with the ‘powerful aromatic’ tobacco produced in a northern climate."fn|1

Haunted Estate

The Discovery Channel series "A Haunting" produced an episode detailing the alleged haunting of a former Carver estate on the coast of West Bay Lake in Wisconsin. The episode alleges that the ghost of Carver tormented several owners of the Summerwind estate, which eventually was abandoned and later burned to the ground as a result of a lightning strike.

Notes

*fnb|1 [http://sca.lib.liv.ac.uk/collections/exhibs/FraserExhibition.html Smokescreen: the Victorian Vogue for Tobacco] - An exhibition based on the collection of John Fraser, quoted with Permission.

References

*cite web
last = Brown
first = Leanne
title = Who Was Jonathan Carver?
publisher = Carver County Historical Society
date =
url = http://www.carvercountyhistoricalsociety.org/about_us/historypages/JonathanCarver.htm
accessdate = 2006-11-09
*cite web
last = Myers
first = Ann K.D.
title = Jonathan Carver
publisher = James Ford Bell Library, University of Minnesota
date = 2001
url = http://bell.lib.umn.edu/hennepin/carver.html
accessdate = 2006-11-09
*cite book
last = Savage
first = Henry
title = Discovering America 1700-1875
publisher = Harper & Row
date = 1959
location =
pages = 42-48
id = ISBN 0-06-090740-1
*cite encyclopedia
title = Jonathan Carver
encyclopedia = Encyclopedia of World Biography
publisher = Thomson Gale
url = http://www.bookrags.com/biography/jonathan-carver/
accessdate = 2006-11-09
*cite web
last = Discovery Channel
first =
title = A Haunting: The Haunting of Summerwind DVD
publisher = Discovery Channel
date = Season 1
url = http://shopping.discovery.com/product-59633.html?jzid=40588004-59-0.html
accessdate = 2007-18-10