S100B

S100 calcium binding protein B or S100B is a protein of the S-100 protein family.

S100 proteins are localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus of a wide range of cells, and involved in the regulation of a number of cellular processes such as cell cycle progression and differentiation. S100 genes include at least 13 members which are located as a cluster on chromosome 1q21; however, this gene is located at 21q22.3.

S100B is glial-specific and is expressed primarily by astrocytes. This protein may function in neurite extension, proliferation of melanoma cells, stimulation of Ca2+ fluxes, inhibition of PKC-mediated phosphorylation, astrocytosis and axonal proliferation, and inhibition of microtubule assembly. In the developing CNS it acts as a neurotrophic factor and neuronal survival protein. In the adult organism it is usually elevated due to nervous system damage, which makes it a potential clinical marker.

Chromosomal rearrangements and altered expression of this gene have been implicated in several neurological, neoplastic, and other types of diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Down's syndrome, epilepsy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, melanoma, and type I diabetes. [cite web | title = Entrez Gene: S100B S100 calcium binding protein B| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=6285| accessdate = ]

References

Further reading

PBB_Further_reading
citations =
*cite journal | author=Schäfer BW, Heizmann CW |title=The S100 family of EF-hand calcium-binding proteins: functions and pathology. |journal=Trends Biochem. Sci. |volume=21 |issue= 4 |pages= 134–40 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8701470 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Garbuglia M, Verzini M, Sorci G, "et al." |title=The calcium-modulated proteins, S100A1 and S100B, as potential regulators of the dynamics of type III intermediate filaments. |journal=Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. |volume=32 |issue= 10 |pages= 1177–85 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10510252 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Rothermundt M, Peters M, Prehn JH, Arolt V |title=S100B in brain damage and neurodegeneration. |journal=Microsc. Res. Tech. |volume=60 |issue= 6 |pages= 614–32 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12645009 |doi= 10.1002/jemt.10303
*cite journal | author=Michetti F, Gazzolo D |title=S100B testing in pregnancy. |journal=Clin. Chim. Acta |volume=335 |issue= 1-2 |pages= 1–7 |year= 2004 |pmid= 12927678 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Raabe A, Kopetsch O, Woszczyk A, "et al." |title=Serum S-100B protein as a molecular marker in severe traumatic brain injury. |journal=Restor. Neurol. Neurosci. |volume=21 |issue= 3-4 |pages= 159–69 |year= 2004 |pmid= 14530578 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Sen J, Belli A |title=S100B in neuropathologic states: the CRP of the brain? |journal=J. Neurosci. Res. |volume=85 |issue= 7 |pages= 1373–80 |year= 2007 |pmid= 17348038 |doi= 10.1002/jnr.21211
*cite journal | author=Morii K, Tanaka R, Takahashi Y, "et al." |title=Structure and chromosome assignment of human S100 alpha and beta subunit genes. |journal=Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. |volume=175 |issue= 1 |pages= 185–91 |year= 1991 |pmid= 1998503 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Allore RJ, Friend WC, O'Hanlon D, "et al." |title=Cloning and expression of the human S100 beta gene. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=265 |issue= 26 |pages= 15537–43 |year= 1990 |pmid= 2394738 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Duncan AM, Higgins J, Dunn RJ, "et al." |title=Refined sublocalization of the human gene encoding the beta subunit of the S100 protein (S100B) and confirmation of a subtle t(9;21) translocation using in situ hybridization. |journal=Cytogenet. Cell Genet. |volume=50 |issue= 4 |pages= 234–5 |year= 1989 |pmid= 2530061 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Baudier J, Cole RD |title=Interactions between the microtubule-associated tau proteins and S100b regulate tau phosphorylation by the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=263 |issue= 12 |pages= 5876–83 |year= 1988 |pmid= 2833519 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Allore R, O'Hanlon D, Price R, "et al." |title=Gene encoding the beta subunit of S100 protein is on chromosome 21: implications for Down syndrome. |journal=Science |volume=239 |issue= 4845 |pages= 1311–3 |year= 1988 |pmid= 2964086 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Jensen R, Marshak DR, Anderson C, "et al." |title=Characterization of human brain S100 protein fraction: amino acid sequence of S100 beta. |journal=J. Neurochem. |volume=45 |issue= 3 |pages= 700–5 |year= 1985 |pmid= 4031854 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Baudier J, Glasser N, Haglid K, Gerard D |title=Purification, characterization and ion binding properties of human brain S100b protein. |journal=Biochim. Biophys. Acta |volume=790 |issue= 2 |pages= 164–73 |year= 1984 |pmid= 6487634 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Adams MD, Kerlavage AR, Fleischmann RD, "et al." |title=Initial assessment of human gene diversity and expression patterns based upon 83 million nucleotides of cDNA sequence. |journal=Nature |volume=377 |issue= 6547 Suppl |pages= 3–174 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7566098 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Schäfer BW, Wicki R, Engelkamp D, "et al." |title=Isolation of a YAC clone covering a cluster of nine S100 genes on human chromosome 1q21: rationale for a new nomenclature of the S100 calcium-binding protein family. |journal=Genomics |volume=25 |issue= 3 |pages= 638–43 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7759097 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Reeves RH, Yao J, Crowley MR, "et al." |title=Astrocytosis and axonal proliferation in the hippocampus of S100b transgenic mice. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=91 |issue= 12 |pages= 5359–63 |year= 1994 |pmid= 8202493 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Engelkamp D, Schäfer BW, Mattei MG, "et al." |title=Six S100 genes are clustered on human chromosome 1q21: identification of two genes coding for the two previously unreported calcium-binding proteins S100D and S100E. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=90 |issue= 14 |pages= 6547–51 |year= 1993 |pmid= 8341667 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Peña LA, Brecher CW, Marshak DR |title=beta-Amyloid regulates gene expression of glial trophic substance S100 beta in C6 glioma and primary astrocyte cultures. |journal=Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. |volume=34 |issue= 1 |pages= 118–26 |year= 1997 |pmid= 8750867 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Landar A, Caddell G, Chessher J, Zimmer DB |title=Identification of an S100A1/S100B target protein: phosphoglucomutase. |journal=Cell Calcium |volume=20 |issue= 3 |pages= 279–85 |year= 1997 |pmid= 8894274 |doi=

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